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Ruthenium vs Praseodymium

Ruthenium
Praseodymium
Praseodymium vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru  
Pr  
Group Number
8  
10
3  
15
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440188  
99+
7440100  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Praseodymium metal is synthetically produced metal.
  • Praseodymium is used as possible fuel for radioactive generators.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus  
-  
Discovery
In 1844  
In 1885  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
39
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • The main use of Praseodymium include alloys. Praseodymium –Magnesium alloy is used in aircraft engines due to its high strength.
  • This metal is also used while making a permanent magnets.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Moderately Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
33
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C  
8
935.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C  
14
3,130.00 °C  
28
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Grayish White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50  
5
4.00  
11
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa  
3
481.00 MPa  
29
Vickers Hardness
1,160.00 MPa  
14
400.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s  
7
2,280.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.60  
4
1.64  
30
Reflectivity
6.00 %  
38
60.00 %  
23
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ru  
Pr  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
31  
8
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
1.13  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
1.13  
36
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
19
1.07  
33
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
1.13  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.54  
28
1.13  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
2.87  
12
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
1,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
2,086.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
3,761.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
5,551.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
5,274.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
52,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
52,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
527.30 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
5,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
527.30 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
527.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
527.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.75 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV  
14
2.70 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
44  
99+
59  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
[Xe] 4f3 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Praseodymium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44  
99+
59  
99+
Number of Neutrons
57  
99+
82  
99+
Number of Electrons
44  
99+
59  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
182.00 pm  
13
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
40
203.00 pm  
9
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
239.00 pm  
18
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu  
99+
140.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
20.80 cm3/mol  
25
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Cerium
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Neodymium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
42.64 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm  
99+
367.25 pm  
32
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
33
1.61  
18
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3  
29
6.77 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3  
37
6.50 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
55.00 MPa  
37
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
27
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
23
13.20 (Pa)  
7
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa  
4
14.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa  
7
28.80 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa  
3
37.30 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.28  
16
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45  
31
6.77  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
19
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
0.70 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
0.19 J/(kg K)  
33
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
27.20 J/mol·K  
24
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K  
13
12.50 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,607.00 K  
9
1,208.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
6.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
296.80 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
6.89 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
368.00 kJ/mol  
33
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
73.20 J/mol.K  
10
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