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Praseodymium vs Ruthenium

Praseodymium
Ruthenium
Ruthenium vs Praseodymium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pr   
Ru   
Group Number
Not Available   
8   
10
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440100   
99+
7440188   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Praseodymium metal is synthetically produced metal.
  • Praseodymium is used as possible fuel for radioactive generators.
  
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Not Available   
Karl Ernst Claus   
Discovery
In 1885   
In 1844   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
4 * 10-7 %   
20
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0000005 %   
22
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
40
0.00 %   
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
27
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
39
0.00 %   
38
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • The main use of Praseodymium include alloys. Praseodymium –Magnesium alloy is used in aircraft engines due to its high strength.
  • This metal is also used while making a permanent magnets.
  
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Medical Research   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic   
Low Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
935.00 °C   
99+
2,250.00 °C   
8
Boiling Point
3,130.00 °C   
27
3,900.00 °C   
14
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Grayish White   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
6.50   
5
Brinell Hardness
481.00 MPa   
24
2,160.00 MPa   
3
Vickers Hardness
400.00 MPa   
25
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,280.00 m/s   
40
5,970.00 m/s   
4
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pr   
Ru   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31   
8
26   
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.13   
99+
2.20   
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07   
32
1.42   
18
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.54   
25
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.87   
12
1.80   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol   
99+
710.20 kJ/mol   
32
2nd Energy Level
1,020.00 kJ/mol   
99+
710.22 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,086.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,747.00 kJ/mol   
37
4th Energy Level
3,761.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
5th Energy Level
5,551.00 kJ/mol   
29
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.75 g/amp-hr   
40
1.26 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
2.70 eV   
99+
4.71 eV   
9
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
59   
99+
44   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f3 6s2   
[Kr] 4d7 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Praseodymium.jpg#100   
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
59   
99+
44   
99+
Number of Neutrons
82   
99+
57   
99+
Number of Electrons
59   
99+
44   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
182.00 pm   
11
134.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
203.00 pm   
9
146.00 pm   
38
Van der Waals Radius
239.00 pm   
14
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
140.91 amu   
99+
101.07 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
20.80 cm3/mol   
15
8.30 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Cerium
  
Technetium
  
Next Element
Neodymium
  
Rhodium
  
Valence Electron Potential
42.64 (-eV)   
99+
64.00 (-eV)   
22
Lattice Constant
367.25 pm   
29
270.59 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61   
4
1.58   
11
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3   
99+
12.45 g/cm3   
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.50 g/cm3   
39
10.65 g/cm3   
16
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
25
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
13.20 (Pa)   
7
0.00 (Pa)   
23
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
14.80 GPa   
39
173.00 GPa   
4
Bulk Modulus
28.80 GPa   
40
220.00 GPa   
7
Young's Modulus
37.30 GPa   
99+
447.00 GPa   
3
Poisson Ratio
0.28   
16
0.30   
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.77   
99+
12.45   
19
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.70 nΩ·m   
99+
71.00 nΩ·m   
38
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω   
16
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
101.30 kJ/mol   
10
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)   
32
0.24 J/(kg K)   
24
Molar Heat Capacity
27.20 J/mol·K   
18
24.06 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
12.50 W/m·K   
99+
117.00 W/m·K   
13
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
6.70 µm/(m·K)   
99+
6.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
296.80 kJ/mol   
29
567.80 kJ/mol   
10
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.89 kJ/mol   
99+
25.50 kJ/mol   
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
368.00 kJ/mol   
24
603.00 kJ/mol   
9
Standard Molar Entropy
73.20 J/mol.K   
10
28.50 J/mol.K   
99+
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