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Praseodymium vs Thulium


Thulium vs Praseodymium


Periodic Table

Symbol
Pr   
Tm   

Group Number
Not Available   
Not Available   

Period Number
6   
6   

Block
f block   
f block   

Element Family
Lanthanide   
Lanthanide   

CAS Number
7440100   
99+
7440304   
99+

Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   

Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5

Facts

Interesting Facts
  • Praseodymium metal is synthetically produced metal.
  • Praseodymium is used as possible fuel for radioactive generators.
  
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  

Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   

History
  
  

Who Discovered
Not Available   
Per Teodor Cleve   

Discovery
In 1885   
In 1879   

Abundance
  
  

Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
1 * 10-8 %   
30

Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.00000002 %   
28

Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
40
0.00 %   
99+

Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
27
0.00 %   
99+

Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
39
0.00 %   
99+

Uses

Uses & Benefits
  • The main use of Praseodymium include alloys. Praseodymium –Magnesium alloy is used in aircraft engines due to its high strength.
  • This metal is also used while making a permanent magnets.
  
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  

Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
NA   

Medical Uses
NA   
NA   

Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   

Biological Properties
  
  

Toxicity
Moderately Toxic   
Unknown   

Present in Human Body
No   
No   

Physical Properties

Melting Point
935.00 °C   
99+
1,545.00 °C   
23

Boiling Point
3,130.00 °C   
27
1,730.00 °C   
99+

Appearance
  
  

Physical State
Solid   
Solid   

Color
Grayish White   
Silvery Gray   

Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   

Hardness
  
  

Brinell Hardness
481.00 MPa   
24
471.00 MPa   
25

Vickers Hardness
400.00 MPa   
25
520.00 MPa   
21

Speed of Sound
2,280.00 m/s   
40
Not Available   

Optical Properties
  
  

Allotropes
No   
No   

α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

Chemical Properties

Chemical Formula
Pr   
Tm   

Isotopes
  
  

Known Isotopes
31   
8
32   
7

Electronegativity
  
  

Pauling Electronegativity
1.13   
99+
1.25   
35

Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07   
32
1.11   
29

Electropositivity
  
  

Pauling Electropositivity
2.87   
12
2.75   
19

Ionization Energies
  
  

1st Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol   
99+
596.70 kJ/mol   
99+

2nd Energy Level
1,020.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,160.00 kJ/mol   
99+

3rd Energy Level
2,086.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,285.00 kJ/mol   
99+

4th Energy Level
3,761.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4,120.00 kJ/mol   
33

5th Energy Level
5,551.00 kJ/mol   
29
Not Available   

Electrochemical Equivalent
1.75 g/amp-hr   
40
2.10 g/amp-hr   
26

Electron Work Function
2.70 eV   
99+
Not Available   

Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   

Atomic Properties

Atomic Number
59   
99+
69   
99+

Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f3 6s2   
[Xe] 4f13 6s2   

Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   

Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Praseodymium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100   

Atom
  
  

Number of Protons
59   
99+
69   
99+

Number of Neutrons
82   
99+
100   
32

Number of Electrons
59   
99+
69   
99+

Radius of an Atom
  
  

Atomic Radius
182.00 pm   
11
176.00 pm   
18

Covalent Radius
203.00 pm   
9
160.00 pm   
30

Van der Waals Radius
239.00 pm   
14
Not Available   

Atomic Weight
140.91 amu   
99+
168.93 amu   
99+

Atomic Volume
20.80 cm3/mol   
15
18.10 cm3/mol   
28

Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  

Previous Element
Cerium
  
Erbium
  

Next Element
Neodymium
  
Ytterbium
  

Valence Electron Potential
42.64 (-eV)   
99+
49.70 (-eV)   
28

Lattice Constant
367.25 pm   
29
353.75 pm   
40

Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   

Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61   
4
1.57   
17

Mechanical Properties

Density
  
  

Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3   
99+
9.32 g/cm3   
40

Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.50 g/cm3   
39
8.56 g/cm3   
24

Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   

Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   

Vapor Pressure
  
  

Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
25
0.06 (Pa)   
10

Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
13.20 (Pa)   
7
Not Available   

Elasticity properties
  
  

Shear Modulus
14.80 GPa   
39
30.50 GPa   
22

Bulk Modulus
28.80 GPa   
40
44.50 GPa   
26

Young's Modulus
37.30 GPa   
99+
74.00 GPa   
27

Poisson Ratio
0.28   
16
0.21   
31

Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   

Magnetic Properties

Magnetic Characteristics
  
  

Specific Gravity
6.77   
99+
9.32   
31

Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   

Electrical Properties
  
  

Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   

Resistivity
0.70 nΩ·m   
99+
676.00 nΩ·m   
5

Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+

Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
50.00 kJ/mol   
21

Thermal Properties

Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)   
32
0.16 J/(kg K)   
35

Molar Heat Capacity
27.20 J/mol·K   
18
27.03 J/mol·K   
22

Thermal Conductivity
12.50 W/m·K   
99+
16.90 W/m·K   
99+

Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   

Thermal Expansion
6.70 µm/(m·K)   
99+
13.30 µm/(m·K)   
29

Enthalpy
  
  

Enthalpy of Vaporization
296.80 kJ/mol   
29
191.00 kJ/mol   
99+

Enthalpy of Fusion
6.89 kJ/mol   
99+
16.80 kJ/mol   
17

Enthalpy of Atomization
368.00 kJ/mol   
24
247.00 kJ/mol   
99+

Standard Molar Entropy
73.20 J/mol.K   
10
74.00 J/mol.K   
9

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