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Ruthenium vs Rubidium

Ruthenium
Rubidium
Rubidium vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru  
Rb  
Group Number
8  
10
1  
17
Period Number
5  
5  
Block
d block  
s block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Alkali  
CAS Number
7440188  
99+
7440177  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Obtained from Lithium Production.  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus  
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff  
Discovery
In 1844  
In 1861  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
19
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.01 %  
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
7
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
8
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3  
7
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
5.00 p.p.m.  
13
Physical
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C  
8
38.89 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C  
14
688.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Grayish White  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50  
5
0.30  
26
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa  
3
0.22 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,160.00 MPa  
14
0.22 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s  
7
1,300.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.60  
4
1.54  
35
Reflectivity
6.00 %  
38
52.00 %  
29
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ru  
Rb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
0.82  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
0.31  
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
19
0.89  
99+
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
0.69  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.54  
28
0.71  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
3.18  
3
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
2,633.00 kJ/mol  
6
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
3,860.00 kJ/mol  
11
4th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
5,080.00 kJ/mol  
28
5th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
6,850.00 kJ/mol  
31
6th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,140.00 kJ/mol  
31
7th Energy level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
9,570.00 kJ/mol  
20
8th Energy Level
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13,120.00 kJ/mol  
17
9th Energy Level
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14,500.00 kJ/mol  
18
10th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
26,740.00 kJ/mol  
6
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
40,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
40,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.19 g/amp-hr  
16
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV  
14
2.16 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
44  
99+
37  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
[Kr] 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44  
99+
37  
99+
Number of Neutrons
57  
99+
48  
99+
Number of Electrons
44  
99+
37  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
248.00 pm  
3
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
40
220.00 pm  
4
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
303.00 pm  
4
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu  
99+
85.47 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
55.90 cm3/mol  
3
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Gallium
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Strontium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
9.47 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm  
99+
558.50 pm  
11
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
33
1.59  
28
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3  
29
1.53 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3  
37
1.46 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
30.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
23
0.00 (Pa)  
35
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa  
4
2.50 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa  
7
2.50 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa  
3
2.40 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45  
31
1.53  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
11
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
128.00 nΩ·m  
26
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
0.08 106/cm Ω  
29
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
46.90 kJ/mol  
29
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
0.36 J/(kg K)  
17
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
31.06 J/mol·K  
7
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K  
13
58.20 W/m·K  
26
Critical Temperature
2,607.00 K  
9
2,093.00 K  
18
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
90.00 µm/(m·K)  
2
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
69.20 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
2.19 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
82.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
76.80 J/mol.K  
5
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