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Rubidium vs Ruthenium

Rubidium
Ruthenium
Ruthenium vs Rubidium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Rb  
Ru  
Group Number
1  
17
8  
10
Period Number
5  
5  
Block
s block  
d block  
Element Family
Alkali  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440177  
99+
7440188  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
Sources
Obtained from Lithium Production.  
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff  
Karl Ernst Claus  
Discovery
In 1861  
In 1844  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
18
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
7
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3  
7
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
5.00 p.p.m.  
13
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
38.89 °C  
99+
2,250.00 °C  
8
Boiling Point
688.00 °C  
99+
3,900.00 °C  
14
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Grayish White  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
0.30  
26
6.50  
5
Brinell Hardness
0.22 MPa  
99+
2,160.00 MPa  
3
Vickers Hardness
0.22 MPa  
99+
1,160.00 MPa  
14
Speed of Sound
1,300.00 m/s  
99+
5,970.00 m/s  
7
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.54  
35
2.60  
4
Reflectivity
52.00 %  
29
6.00 %  
38
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Rb  
Ru  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.82  
99+
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.31  
99+
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.89  
99+
1.42  
19
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.69  
99+
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
0.71  
99+
1.54  
28
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.18  
3
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
2nd Energy Level
2,633.00 kJ/mol  
6
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,860.00 kJ/mol  
11
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
4th Energy Level
5,080.00 kJ/mol  
28
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
5th Energy Level
6,850.00 kJ/mol  
31
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
6th Energy Level
8,140.00 kJ/mol  
31
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
9,570.00 kJ/mol  
20
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
8th Energy Level
13,120.00 kJ/mol  
17
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
14,500.00 kJ/mol  
18
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
26,740.00 kJ/mol  
6
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
11th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
12th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
14th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
40,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
16th Energy Level
40,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
17th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
19th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
20th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
21st Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
23rd Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
25th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
26th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
27th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
28th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
29th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
30th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.19 g/amp-hr  
16
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
2.16 eV  
99+
4.71 eV  
14
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
37  
99+
44  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 5s1  
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
37  
99+
44  
99+
Number of Neutrons
48  
99+
57  
99+
Number of Electrons
37  
99+
44  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
248.00 pm  
3
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
220.00 pm  
4
146.00 pm  
40
Van der Waals Radius
303.00 pm  
4
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
85.47 amu  
99+
101.07 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
55.90 cm3/mol  
3
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Gallium
  
Technetium
  
Next Element
Strontium
  
Rhodium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.47 (-eV)  
99+
64.00 (-eV)  
22
Lattice Constant
558.50 pm  
11
270.59 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
28
1.58  
33
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.53 g/cm3  
99+
12.45 g/cm3  
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.46 g/cm3  
99+
10.65 g/cm3  
37
Tensile Strength
30.00 MPa  
99+
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
35
0.00 (Pa)  
23
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.50 GPa  
99+
173.00 GPa  
4
Bulk Modulus
2.50 GPa  
99+
220.00 GPa  
7
Young's Modulus
2.40 GPa  
99+
447.00 GPa  
3
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
1.53  
99+
12.45  
31
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
11
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
128.00 nΩ·m  
26
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω  
29
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
Electron Affinity
46.90 kJ/mol  
29
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.36 J/(kg K)  
17
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
Molar Heat Capacity
31.06 J/mol·K  
7
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
58.20 W/m·K  
26
117.00 W/m·K  
13
Critical Temperature
2,093.00 K  
18
2,607.00 K  
9
Thermal Expansion
90.00 µm/(m·K)  
2
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
69.20 kJ/mol  
99+
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.19 kJ/mol  
99+
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
82.00 kJ/mol  
99+
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
Standard Molar Entropy
76.80 J/mol.K  
5
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
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