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Ruthenium vs Thorium

Ruthenium
Thorium
Thorium vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru  
Th  
Group Number
8  
10
0  
18
Period Number
5  
7  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440188  
99+
7440326  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Discovery
In 1844  
In 1829  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
26
0.05 %  
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.66 %  
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
Physical
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C  
8
1,750.00 °C  
17
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C  
14
4,790.00 °C  
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50  
5
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa  
3
390.00 MPa  
35
Vickers Hardness
1,160.00 MPa  
14
295.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s  
7
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.60  
4
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
6.00 %  
38
15.00 %  
36
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ru  
Th  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
28  
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
19
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.54  
28
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
15th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
17th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV  
14
3.41 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
44  
99+
90  
28
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44  
99+
90  
28
Number of Neutrons
57  
99+
142  
16
Number of Electrons
44  
99+
90  
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
179.80 pm  
17
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
40
206.00 pm  
7
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu  
99+
232.04 amu  
23
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
59.30 (-eV)  
24
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm  
99+
508.42 pm  
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
33
1.10  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3  
29
11.72 g/cm3  
34
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3  
37
11.72 g/cm3  
32
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
23
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa  
4
31.00 GPa  
25
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa  
7
54.00 GPa  
23
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa  
3
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.27  
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45  
31
11.70  
36
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K  
13
54.00 W/m·K  
28
Critical Temperature
2,607.00 K  
9
2,023.00 K  
20
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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