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Samarium vs Hafnium

Samarium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Samarium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Sm  
Hf  
Group Number
3  
15
4  
14
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440199  
99+
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
R_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
166.00  
9
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Samarium metals helps stimulating body metabolism.
  • Samarium metals was 1st observed by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in Dydimia in 1853.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1879  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
37
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
29
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Magnets of Samarium cobalt alloy are stronger than that of Iron and hence, they are used in microwave application.
  • Samarium metal also used in optical lasers and infrared absorbing glasses and as a neutron absorber.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Slightly Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
22
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,072.00 °C  
99+
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
1,900.00 °C  
99+
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gray  
Luster
Lustrous  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
441.00 MPa  
32
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
412.00 MPa  
40
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
2,130.00 m/s  
99+
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.80  
22
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
65.00 %  
18
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Sm  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
30  
9
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.17  
99+
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.17  
33
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07  
33
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.17  
40
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.17  
99+
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.83  
14
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
1,070.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,260.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,445.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
5,445.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,445.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
5,445.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
5,445.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
5,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,445.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
5,450.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
54,450.00 kJ/mol  
99+
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
54,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,445.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
624.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
624.00 kJ/mol  
37
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
544.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
544.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.87 g/amp-hr  
38
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
2.70 eV  
99+
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
62  
99+
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f6 6s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Samarium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
62  
99+
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
88  
40
106  
30
Number of Electrons
62  
99+
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm  
16
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
198.00 pm  
13
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
229.00 pm  
25
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
150.36 amu  
99+
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
19.95 cm3/mol  
31
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Promethium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Europium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.80 (-eV)  
38
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
362.10 pm  
37
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.62  
15
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.52 g/cm3  
99+
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.16 g/cm3  
99+
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.94 (Pa)  
9
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
29
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.50 GPa  
99+
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
37.80 GPa  
99+
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
49.70 GPa  
40
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.27  
19
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.52  
99+
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.94 nΩ·m  
99+
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.20 J/(kg K)  
32
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
29.54 J/mol·K  
9
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
13.30 W/m·K  
99+
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,345.00 K  
99+
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
12.70 µm/(m·K)  
39
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
166.40 kJ/mol  
99+
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.62 kJ/mol  
99+
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
209.00 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
69.60 J/mol.K  
15
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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