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Samarium vs Hafnium

Samarium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Samarium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Sm   
Hf   
Group Number
Not Available   
4   
14
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440199   
99+
7440586   
30
Space Group Name
R_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
166.00   
6
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Samarium metals helps stimulating body metabolism.
  • Samarium metals was 1st observed by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in Dydimia in 1853.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
By-product Zirconium Refining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran   
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy   
Discovery
In 1879   
In 1922   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-7 %   
19
7 * 10-8 %   
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
37
0.00 %   
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
29
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
40
0.00 %   
27
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Magnets of Samarium cobalt alloy are stronger than that of Iron and hence, they are used in microwave application.
  • Samarium metal also used in optical lasers and infrared absorbing glasses and as a neutron absorber.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Ammunition Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors   
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Slightly Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
22
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,072.00 °C   
99+
2,150.00 °C   
10
Boiling Point
1,900.00 °C   
99+
5,400.00 °C   
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Gray   
Luster
Lustrous   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
5.50   
7
Brinell Hardness
441.00 MPa   
27
1,450.00 MPa   
6
Vickers Hardness
412.00 MPa   
24
1,520.00 MPa   
5
Speed of Sound
2,130.00 m/s   
99+
3,010.00 m/s   
27
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Sm   
Hf   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
30   
9
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.17   
40
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07   
32
1.23   
25
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.16   
37
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.83   
14
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol   
99+
658.50 kJ/mol   
40
2nd Energy Level
1,070.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,260.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,990.00 kJ/mol   
37
3,216.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.87 g/amp-hr   
34
1.66 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
2.70 eV   
99+
3.90 eV   
27
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
62   
99+
72   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f6 6s2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Samarium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
62   
99+
72   
99+
Number of Neutrons
88   
39
106   
29
Number of Electrons
62   
99+
72   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm   
14
159.00 pm   
28
Covalent Radius
198.00 pm   
13
175.00 pm   
23
Van der Waals Radius
229.00 pm   
20
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
150.36 amu   
99+
178.49 amu   
39
Atomic Volume
19.95 cm3/mol   
19
13.60 cm3/mol   
38
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Promethium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Europium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.80 (-eV)   
37
81.00 (-eV)   
16
Lattice Constant
362.10 pm   
33
319.64 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.58   
12
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.52 g/cm3   
99+
13.31 g/cm3   
26
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.16 g/cm3   
32
12.00 g/cm3   
12
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
445.00 MPa   
8
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.94 (Pa)   
9
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.50 GPa   
34
30.00 GPa   
23
Bulk Modulus
37.80 GPa   
35
110.00 GPa   
15
Young's Modulus
49.70 GPa   
37
78.00 GPa   
25
Poisson Ratio
0.27   
19
0.37   
7
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.52   
99+
13.31   
18
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.94 nΩ·m   
99+
331.00 nΩ·m   
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.03 106/cm Ω   
39
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.20 J/(kg K)   
31
0.14 J/(kg K)   
37
Molar Heat Capacity
29.54 J/mol·K   
7
25.73 J/mol·K   
36
Thermal Conductivity
13.30 W/m·K   
99+
23.00 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
12.70 µm/(m·K)   
30
5.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
166.40 kJ/mol   
99+
661.10 kJ/mol   
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.62 kJ/mol   
40
25.10 kJ/mol   
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
209.00 kJ/mol   
99+
703.00 kJ/mol   
5
Standard Molar Entropy
69.60 J/mol.K   
15
43.60 J/mol.K   
34
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