Samarium vs Zirconium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Sm
Zr
Group Number
Not Available
4
14
Period Number
6
5
Block
f block
d block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440199
99+
7440677
23
Space Group Name
R_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
166.00
6
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Samarium metals helps stimulating body metabolism.
- Samarium metals was 1st observed by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in Dydimia in 1853.
- Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
- Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Martin Heinrich Klaproth
Discovery
In 1879
In 1789
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-7 %
19
5 * 10-6 %
13
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.000004 %
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
37
0.00 %
17
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
29
0.01 %
14
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
40
0.00 %
23
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Magnets of Samarium cobalt alloy are stronger than that of Iron and hence, they are used in microwave application.
- Samarium metal also used in optical lasers and infrared absorbing glasses and as a neutron absorber.
- As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
- Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Slightly Toxic
NA
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
22
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
21
In Bone
Not Available
0.10 p.p.m.
23
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,072.00 °C
99+
1,852.00 °C
15
Boiling Point
1,900.00 °C
99+
4,377.00 °C
11
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
Lustrous
Lustrous
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
5.00
8
Brinell Hardness
441.00 MPa
27
638.00 MPa
19
Vickers Hardness
412.00 MPa
24
820.00 MPa
15
Speed of Sound
2,130.00 m/s
99+
3,800.00 m/s
20
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Sm
Zr
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
30
9
24
15
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.17
40
1.33
30
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
0.90
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07
32
1.22
26
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.32
34
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.83
14
2.67
24
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol
99+
640.10 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,070.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,270.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,260.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,218.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
3,990.00 kJ/mol
37
3,313.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
Not Available
7,752.00 kJ/mol
10
6th Energy Level
Not Available
9,500.00 kJ/mol
15
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.87 g/amp-hr
34
0.85 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
2.70 eV
99+
4.05 eV
26
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
62
99+
40
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f6 6s2
[Kr] 4d2 5s2
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Samarium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zirconium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
62
99+
40
99+
Number of Neutrons
88
39
51
99+
Number of Electrons
62
99+
40
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm
14
160.00 pm
27
Covalent Radius
198.00 pm
13
175.00 pm
23
Van der Waals Radius
229.00 pm
20
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
150.36 amu
99+
91.22 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
19.95 cm3/mol
19
14.10 cm3/mol
36
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
44.80 (-eV)
37
80.00 (-eV)
18
Lattice Constant
362.10 pm
33
323.20 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.59
8
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
7.52 g/cm3
99+
6.52 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.16 g/cm3
32
5.80 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
330.00 MPa
12
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.94 (Pa)
9
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
21
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
19.50 GPa
34
33.00 GPa
20
Bulk Modulus
37.80 GPa
35
91.10 GPa
17
Young's Modulus
49.70 GPa
37
88.00 GPa
22
Poisson Ratio
0.27
19
0.34
10
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
7.52
99+
6.51
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
0.94 nΩ·m
99+
421.00 nΩ·m
11
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
41.10 kJ/mol
27
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.20 J/(kg K)
31
0.27 J/(kg K)
19
Molar Heat Capacity
29.54 J/mol·K
7
25.36 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
13.30 W/m·K
99+
22.60 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
12.70 µm/(m·K)
30
5.70 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
166.40 kJ/mol
99+
581.60 kJ/mol
9
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.62 kJ/mol
40
20.90 kJ/mol
11
Enthalpy of Atomization
209.00 kJ/mol
99+
598.00 kJ/mol
10
Standard Molar Entropy
69.60 J/mol.K
15
39.00 J/mol.K
39
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