Zirconium vs Thulium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Zr
Tm
Group Number
4
14
Not Available
Period Number
5
6
Block
d block
f block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7440677
23
7440304
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
- Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth
Per Teodor Cleve
Discovery
In 1789
In 1879
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-6 %
13
1 * 10-8 %
30
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %
16
~0.00000002 %
28
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
17
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %
14
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
23
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
15
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
- Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
- Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
NA
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
NA
Unknown
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
21
Not Available
In Bone
0.10 p.p.m.
23
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,852.00 °C
15
1,545.00 °C
23
Boiling Point
4,377.00 °C
11
1,730.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery Gray
Luster
Lustrous
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
5.00
8
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
638.00 MPa
19
471.00 MPa
25
Vickers Hardness
820.00 MPa
15
520.00 MPa
21
Speed of Sound
3,800.00 m/s
20
Not Available
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Zr
Tm
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
24
15
32
7
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.33
30
1.25
35
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.90
25
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.22
26
1.11
29
Allen Electronegativity
1.32
34
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.67
24
2.75
19
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol
99+
596.70 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,270.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,160.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,218.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,285.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
3,313.00 kJ/mol
99+
4,120.00 kJ/mol
33
5th Energy Level
7,752.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
6th Energy Level
9,500.00 kJ/mol
15
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.85 g/amp-hr
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr
26
Electron Work Function
4.05 eV
26
Not Available
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
40
99+
69
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d2 5s2
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zirconium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
40
99+
69
99+
Number of Neutrons
51
99+
100
32
Number of Electrons
40
99+
69
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
160.00 pm
27
176.00 pm
18
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm
23
160.00 pm
30
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
Not Available
Atomic Weight
91.22 amu
99+
168.93 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
14.10 cm3/mol
36
18.10 cm3/mol
28
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
80.00 (-eV)
18
49.70 (-eV)
28
Lattice Constant
323.20 pm
99+
353.75 pm
40
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59
8
1.57
17
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
6.52 g/cm3
99+
9.32 g/cm3
40
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.80 g/cm3
99+
8.56 g/cm3
24
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa
12
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.06 (Pa)
10
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
21
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
33.00 GPa
20
30.50 GPa
22
Bulk Modulus
91.10 GPa
17
44.50 GPa
26
Young's Modulus
88.00 GPa
22
74.00 GPa
27
Poisson Ratio
0.34
10
0.21
31
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
6.51
99+
9.32
31
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
421.00 nΩ·m
11
676.00 nΩ·m
5
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
41.10 kJ/mol
27
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)
19
0.16 J/(kg K)
35
Molar Heat Capacity
25.36 J/mol·K
99+
27.03 J/mol·K
22
Thermal Conductivity
22.60 W/m·K
99+
16.90 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
5.70 µm/(m·K)
99+
13.30 µm/(m·K)
29
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
581.60 kJ/mol
9
191.00 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
20.90 kJ/mol
11
16.80 kJ/mol
17
Enthalpy of Atomization
598.00 kJ/mol
10
247.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
39.00 J/mol.K
39
74.00 J/mol.K
9
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