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Thulium vs Scandium

Thulium
Scandium
Scandium vs Thulium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm   
Sc   
Group Number
Not Available   
3   
15
Period Number
6   
4   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440304   
99+
7440202   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve   
Lars Fredrik Nilson   
Discovery
In 1879   
In 1879   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %   
30
3 * 10-6 %   
15
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %   
28
~0.000004 %   
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
32
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Unknown   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
22
In Bone
Not Available   
0.00 p.p.m.   
34
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C   
23
1,539.00 °C   
24
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C   
99+
2,832.00 °C   
35
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Gray   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
Lustrous   
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa   
25
750.00 MPa   
12
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa   
21
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tm   
Sc   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
13   
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25   
35
1.36   
29
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.02   
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.20   
27
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.19   
36
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75   
19
2.64   
25
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol   
99+
633.10 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,235.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,388.60 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol   
33
7,090.60 kJ/mol   
6
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
8,843.00 kJ/mol   
6
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
10,679.00 kJ/mol   
7
7th Energy level
Not Available   
13,310.00 kJ/mol   
8
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
15,250.00 kJ/mol   
11
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
17,370.00 kJ/mol   
14
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
21,726.00 kJ/mol   
13
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
24,102.00 kJ/mol   
16
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
66,320.00 kJ/mol   
2
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
73,010.00 kJ/mol   
2
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
80,160.00 kJ/mol   
3
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
89,490.00 kJ/mol   
4
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
97,400.00 kJ/mol   
5
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
105,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
117,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
124,270.00 kJ/mol   
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr   
26
0.56 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
3.50 eV   
31
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
69   
99+
21   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2   
[Ar] 3d1 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
69   
99+
21   
99+
Number of Neutrons
100   
32
24   
99+
Number of Electrons
69   
99+
21   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm   
18
162.00 pm   
26
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm   
30
170.00 pm   
25
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available   
211.00 pm   
25
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu   
99+
44.96 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol   
28
15.00 cm3/mol   
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Erbium
  
Calcium
  
Next Element
Ytterbium
  
Titanium
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)   
28
58.00 (-eV)   
24
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm   
40
330.90 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
17
1.59   
7
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3   
40
2.99 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3   
24
2.80 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)   
10
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
91.30 (Pa)   
3
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa   
22
29.10 GPa   
24
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa   
26
56.60 GPa   
21
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa   
27
74.40 GPa   
26
Poisson Ratio
0.21   
31
0.28   
18
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32   
31
2.99   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m   
5
562.00 nΩ·m   
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
18.10 kJ/mol   
33
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)   
35
0.60 J/(kg K)   
8
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K   
22
25.52 J/mol·K   
37
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K   
99+
15.80 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)   
29
10.20 µm/(m·K)   
39
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol   
99+
314.20 kJ/mol   
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol   
17
14.10 kJ/mol   
25
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol   
99+
343.00 kJ/mol   
28
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K   
9
34.60 J/mol.K   
99+
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