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Thulium vs Yttrium

Thulium
Yttrium
Yttrium vs Thulium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm   
Y   
Group Number
Not Available   
3   
15
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440304   
99+
7440655   
25
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
  • Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
  • Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve   
Johan Gadolin   
Discovery
In 1879   
In 1794   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %   
30
7 * 10-7 %   
17
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %   
28
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
21
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
22
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
25
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
  • Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
  • It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Unknown   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
26
In Bone
Not Available   
0.07 p.p.m.   
25
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C   
23
1,523.00 °C   
27
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C   
99+
3,337.00 °C   
21
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Gray   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa   
25
589.00 MPa   
22
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa   
21
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
3,300.00 m/s   
23
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tm   
Y   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
19   
20
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25   
35
1.22   
38
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
0.65   
29
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.11   
29
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.12   
38
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75   
19
2.78   
16
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol   
99+
600.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,180.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,980.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol   
33
5,847.00 kJ/mol   
10
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,430.00 kJ/mol   
14
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
8,970.00 kJ/mol   
17
7th Energy level
Not Available   
11,190.00 kJ/mol   
18
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
12,450.00 kJ/mol   
18
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
14,110.00 kJ/mol   
19
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
18,400.00 kJ/mol   
17
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
19,900.00 kJ/mol   
18
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
36,090.00 kJ/mol   
5
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr   
26
1.11 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
3.10 eV   
35
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
69   
99+
39   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2   
[Kr] 4d1 5s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Yttrium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
69   
99+
39   
99+
Number of Neutrons
100   
32
50   
99+
Number of Electrons
69   
99+
39   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm   
18
180.00 pm   
14
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm   
30
190.00 pm   
18
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available   
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu   
99+
88.91 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol   
28
19.80 cm3/mol   
21
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Erbium
  
Strontium
  
Next Element
Ytterbium
  
Zirconium
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)   
28
48.00 (-eV)   
30
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm   
40
364.74 pm   
31
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
17
1.57   
16
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3   
40
4.47 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3   
24
4.24 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)   
10
0.00 (Pa)   
32
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
4.27 (Pa)   
10
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa   
22
25.60 GPa   
30
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa   
26
41.20 GPa   
30
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa   
27
63.50 GPa   
32
Poisson Ratio
0.21   
31
0.24   
26
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32   
31
4.47   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m   
5
596.00 nΩ·m   
8
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
29.60 kJ/mol   
30
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)   
35
0.30 J/(kg K)   
18
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K   
22
26.53 J/mol·K   
27
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K   
99+
17.20 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)   
29
10.60 µm/(m·K)   
37
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol   
99+
393.00 kJ/mol   
18
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol   
17
17.15 kJ/mol   
16
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol   
99+
418.00 kJ/mol   
18
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K   
9
44.40 J/mol.K   
33
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