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Yttrium vs Thulium

Yttrium
Thulium
Thulium vs Yttrium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Y  
Tm  
Group Number
3  
15
3  
15
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440655  
25
7440304  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
  • Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
  
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Johan Gadolin  
Per Teodor Cleve  
Discovery
In 1794  
In 1879  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
18
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
25
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
  • It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
  
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
26
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,523.00 °C  
27
1,545.00 °C  
23
Boiling Point
3,337.00 °C  
22
1,730.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00  
11
2.25  
16
Brinell Hardness
589.00 MPa  
26
471.00 MPa  
30
Vickers Hardness
590.00 MPa  
29
520.00 MPa  
33
Speed of Sound
3,300.00 m/s  
34
2,760.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.90  
18
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
83.00 %  
6
35.00 %  
34
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Y  
Tm  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
19  
20
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.22  
39
1.25  
36
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.65  
99+
1.25  
28
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.22  
38
1.25  
35
Allen Electronegativity
1.12  
99+
1.25  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.78  
16
2.75  
19
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,160.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,285.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,847.00 kJ/mol  
19
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,430.00 kJ/mol  
22
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,970.00 kJ/mol  
23
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
11,190.00 kJ/mol  
18
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
12,450.00 kJ/mol  
18
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
14,110.00 kJ/mol  
19
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
18,400.00 kJ/mol  
17
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
19,900.00 kJ/mol  
18
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
36,090.00 kJ/mol  
25
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
6,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
6,000.00 kJ/mol  
33
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
35
15th Energy Level
60,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
60,000.00 kJ/mol  
34
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
36
17th Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.11 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr  
30
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV  
99+
2.40 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
39  
99+
69  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d1 5s2  
[Xe] 4f13 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Yttrium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
39  
99+
69  
99+
Number of Neutrons
50  
99+
100  
33
Number of Electrons
39  
99+
69  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm  
16
176.00 pm  
20
Covalent Radius
190.00 pm  
18
160.00 pm  
32
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
227.00 pm  
26
Atomic Weight
88.91 amu  
99+
168.93 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
19.80 cm3/mol  
33
18.10 cm3/mol  
40
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Strontium
  
Erbium
  
Next Element
Zirconium
  
Ytterbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
48.00 (-eV)  
31
49.70 (-eV)  
29
Lattice Constant
364.74 pm  
34
353.75 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
39
1.57  
40
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
4.47 g/cm3  
99+
9.32 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.24 g/cm3  
99+
8.56 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
160.00 MPa  
22
69.00 MPa  
32
Viscosity
0.00  
18
0.00  
19
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
34
0.06 (Pa)  
10
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
4.27 (Pa)  
10
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
25.60 GPa  
37
30.50 GPa  
26
Bulk Modulus
41.20 GPa  
35
44.50 GPa  
30
Young's Modulus
63.50 GPa  
34
74.00 GPa  
29
Poisson Ratio
0.24  
26
0.21  
32
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4.47  
99+
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
18
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
596.00 nΩ·m  
8
676.00 nΩ·m  
5
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
29.60 kJ/mol  
36
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.30 J/(kg K)  
18
0.16 J/(kg K)  
36
Molar Heat Capacity
26.53 J/mol·K  
35
27.03 J/mol·K  
28
Thermal Conductivity
17.20 W/m·K  
99+
16.90 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,799.00 K  
31
1,818.00 K  
27
Thermal Expansion
10.60 µm/(m·K)  
99+
13.30 µm/(m·K)  
35
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
393.00 kJ/mol  
25
191.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.15 kJ/mol  
16
16.80 kJ/mol  
17
Enthalpy of Atomization
418.00 kJ/mol  
23
247.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
44.40 J/mol.K  
99+
74.00 J/mol.K  
9
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