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Yttrium vs Thulium

Yttrium
Thulium
Thulium vs Yttrium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Y   
Tm   
Group Number
3   
15
Not Available   
Period Number
5   
6   
Block
d block   
f block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7440655   
25
7440304   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
  • Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
  
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Johan Gadolin   
Per Teodor Cleve   
Discovery
In 1794   
In 1879   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-7 %   
17
1 * 10-8 %   
30
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.00000002 %   
28
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
21
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
22
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
25
0.00 %   
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
  • It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
  
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Unknown   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
26
Not Available   
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.   
25
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,523.00 °C   
27
1,545.00 °C   
23
Boiling Point
3,337.00 °C   
21
1,730.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery Gray   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
589.00 MPa   
22
471.00 MPa   
25
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
520.00 MPa   
21
Speed of Sound
3,300.00 m/s   
23
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Y   
Tm   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
19   
20
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.22   
38
1.25   
35
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.65   
29
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.11   
29
Allen Electronegativity
1.12   
38
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.78   
16
2.75   
19
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol   
99+
596.70 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,180.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,160.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,285.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
5,847.00 kJ/mol   
10
4,120.00 kJ/mol   
33
5th Energy Level
7,430.00 kJ/mol   
14
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
8,970.00 kJ/mol   
17
Not Available   
7th Energy level
11,190.00 kJ/mol   
18
Not Available   
8th Energy Level
12,450.00 kJ/mol   
18
Not Available   
9th Energy Level
14,110.00 kJ/mol   
19
Not Available   
10th Energy Level
18,400.00 kJ/mol   
17
Not Available   
11th Energy Level
19,900.00 kJ/mol   
18
Not Available   
12th Energy Level
36,090.00 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.11 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr   
26
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV   
35
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
39   
99+
69   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d1 5s2   
[Xe] 4f13 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Yttrium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
39   
99+
69   
99+
Number of Neutrons
50   
99+
100   
32
Number of Electrons
39   
99+
69   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm   
14
176.00 pm   
18
Covalent Radius
190.00 pm   
18
160.00 pm   
30
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
Not Available   
Atomic Weight
88.91 amu   
99+
168.93 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
19.80 cm3/mol   
21
18.10 cm3/mol   
28
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Strontium
  
Erbium
  
Next Element
Zirconium
  
Ytterbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
48.00 (-eV)   
30
49.70 (-eV)   
28
Lattice Constant
364.74 pm   
31
353.75 pm   
40
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
16
1.57   
17
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
4.47 g/cm3   
99+
9.32 g/cm3   
40
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.24 g/cm3   
99+
8.56 g/cm3   
24
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
32
0.06 (Pa)   
10
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
4.27 (Pa)   
10
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
25.60 GPa   
30
30.50 GPa   
22
Bulk Modulus
41.20 GPa   
30
44.50 GPa   
26
Young's Modulus
63.50 GPa   
32
74.00 GPa   
27
Poisson Ratio
0.24   
26
0.21   
31
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4.47   
99+
9.32   
31
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
596.00 nΩ·m   
8
676.00 nΩ·m   
5
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
29.60 kJ/mol   
30
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.30 J/(kg K)   
18
0.16 J/(kg K)   
35
Molar Heat Capacity
26.53 J/mol·K   
27
27.03 J/mol·K   
22
Thermal Conductivity
17.20 W/m·K   
99+
16.90 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
10.60 µm/(m·K)   
37
13.30 µm/(m·K)   
29
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
393.00 kJ/mol   
18
191.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.15 kJ/mol   
16
16.80 kJ/mol   
17
Enthalpy of Atomization
418.00 kJ/mol   
18
247.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
44.40 J/mol.K   
33
74.00 J/mol.K   
9
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