Symbol
Sc
  
Np
  
Group Number
Not Available
  
Period Number
4
  
7
  
Block
d block
  
f block
  
Element Family
Transition Metal
  
Actinide
  
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
  
Pnma
  
Interesting Facts
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
Not Available
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
  
Made by Bombarding Uranium with Neutrons, Ores of metals
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson
  
Edwin McMillan and Philip H. Abelson
  
Discovery
In 1879
  
In 1940
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available
  
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %
  
16
~-9999 %
  
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available
  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available
  
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
  
Uses & Benefits
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
-
Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
- Currently known uses of Neptunium metal are limited to research purpose only.
-
Neptunium’s isotope neptunium-237 is used as a neutron detectors.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
NA
  
Medical Uses
NA
  
NA
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic
  
Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
Yes
  
No
  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
  
22
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
  
34
0.00 p.p.m.
  
36
Melting Point
1,539.00 °C
  
24
Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C
  
35
3,902.00 °C
  
13
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Silvery White
  
Silver
  
Luster
Lustrous
  
Metallic
  
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
  
Speed of Sound
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Sc
  
Np
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol
  
99+
604.50 kJ/mol
  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
1,128.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol
  
99+
1,997.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol
  
6
3,242.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/mol
  
6
Not Available
  
6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/mol
  
7
Not Available
  
7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/mol
  
8
Not Available
  
8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/mol
  
11
Not Available
  
9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/mol
  
14
Not Available
  
10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/mol
  
13
Not Available
  
11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/mol
  
16
Not Available
  
12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/mol
  
2
Not Available
  
13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/mol
  
2
Not Available
  
14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/mol
  
3
Not Available
  
15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/mol
  
4
Not Available
  
16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/mol
  
5
Not Available
  
17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/mol
  
6
Not Available
  
18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/mol
  
7
Not Available
  
19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/mol
  
8
Not Available
  
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr
  
99+
1.77 g/amp-hr
  
39
Electron Work Function
Not Available
  
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
  
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
  
[Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s2
  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
  
Orthorhombic (ORTH)
  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100
  
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Neptunium.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol
  
34
11.62 cm3/mol
  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)
  
24
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm3
  
99+
19.38 g/cm3
  
14
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm3
  
99+
Not Available
  
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available
  
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
  
Young's Modulus
Not Available
  
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
  
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
  
Ductile
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
  
Paramagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor
  
Conductor
  
Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m
  
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
  
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω
  
99+
Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol
  
33
Not Available
  
Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)
  
8
0.12 J/(kg K)
  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K
  
37
29.46 J/mol·K
  
8
Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K
  
99+
6.30 W/m·K
  
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)
  
39
Not Available
  
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol
  
28
Not Available
  
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol
  
25
3.20 kJ/mol
  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol
  
28
Not Available
  
Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K
  
99+
Not Available