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Scandium vs Nickel

Scandium
Nickel
Nickel vs Scandium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Sc   
Ni   
Group Number
3   
15
10   
8
Period Number
4   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440202   
99+
7440020   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson   
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt   
Discovery
In 1879   
In 1751   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-6 %   
15
6 * 10-3 %   
4
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %   
16
~0.008 %   
3
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
18
1.30 %   
3
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
23
0.01 %   
15
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
32
0.00 %   
13
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
22
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3   
17
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
34
0.70 p.p.m.   
18
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,539.00 °C   
24
1,453.00 °C   
31
Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C   
35
2,732.00 °C   
38
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
Lustrous   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
4.00   
10
Brinell Hardness
750.00 MPa   
12
667.00 MPa   
18
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
638.00 MPa   
16
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
4,900.00 m/s   
12
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
72.00 %   
9
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Sc   
Ni   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
13   
26
25   
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.36   
29
1.91   
10
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.02   
21
1.94   
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20   
27
1.75   
3
Allen Electronegativity
1.19   
36
1.88   
6
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.64   
25
2.09   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol   
99+
737.10 kJ/mol   
25
2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,753.00 kJ/mol   
25
3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol   
99+
3,395.00 kJ/mol   
17
4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol   
6
5,300.00 kJ/mol   
15
5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/mol   
6
7,339.00 kJ/mol   
15
6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/mol   
7
10,400.00 kJ/mol   
9
7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/mol   
8
12,800.00 kJ/mol   
10
8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/mol   
11
15,600.00 kJ/mol   
10
9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/mol   
14
18,600.00 kJ/mol   
10
10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/mol   
13
21,670.00 kJ/mol   
14
11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/mol   
16
30,970.00 kJ/mol   
7
12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/mol   
2
34,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/mol   
2
37,100.00 kJ/mol   
7
14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/mol   
3
41,500.00 kJ/mol   
8
15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/mol   
4
44,800.00 kJ/mol   
10
16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/mol   
5
48,100.00 kJ/mol   
12
17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
55,101.00 kJ/mol   
11
18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
58,570.00 kJ/mol   
12
19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/mol   
8
148,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
159,000.00 kJ/mol   
3
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
169,400.00 kJ/mol   
3
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
182,700.00 kJ/mol   
2
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
194,000.00 kJ/mol   
2
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.10 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.50 eV   
31
5.15 eV   
2
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
21   
99+
28   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2   
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
21   
99+
28   
99+
Number of Neutrons
24   
99+
31   
99+
Number of Electrons
21   
99+
28   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
162.00 pm   
26
124.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm   
25
124.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
211.00 pm   
25
163.00 pm   
40
Atomic Weight
44.96 amu   
99+
58.69 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol   
34
6.59 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Calcium
  
Cobalt
  
Next Element
Titanium
  
Copper
  
Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)   
24
42.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
330.90 pm   
99+
352.40 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59   
7
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm3   
99+
8.91 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm3   
99+
7.81 g/cm3   
29
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
345.00 MPa   
11
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
22
0.00 (Pa)   
31
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
91.30 (Pa)   
3
19.50 (Pa)   
6
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
29.10 GPa   
24
76.00 GPa   
12
Bulk Modulus
56.60 GPa   
21
180.00 GPa   
9
Young's Modulus
74.40 GPa   
26
200.00 GPa   
11
Poisson Ratio
0.28   
18
0.31   
13
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
2.99   
99+
8.90   
33
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Ferromagnetic   
Permeability
Not Available   
0.00 H/m   
2
Susceptibility
Not Available   
600.00   
2
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m   
10
69.30 nΩ·m   
39
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω   
13
Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol   
33
112.00 kJ/mol   
6
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)   
8
0.44 J/(kg K)   
13
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K   
37
26.07 J/mol·K   
31
Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K   
99+
90.90 W/m·K   
18
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)   
39
13.40 µm/(m·K)   
28
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol   
28
371.80 kJ/mol   
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol   
25
17.57 kJ/mol   
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol   
28
422.60 kJ/mol   
17
Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K   
99+
29.90 J/mol.K   
99+
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