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Scandium vs Rubidium

Scandium
Rubidium
Rubidium vs Scandium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Sc  
Rb  
Group Number
3  
15
1  
17
Period Number
4  
5  
Block
d block  
s block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Alkali  
CAS Number
7440202  
99+
7440177  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Obtained from Lithium Production.  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson  
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff  
Discovery
In 1879  
In 1861  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
18
0.00 %  
19
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
23
0.01 %  
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
32
0.00 %  
7
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
8
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
22
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3  
7
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
39
5.00 p.p.m.  
13
Physical
Melting Point
1,539.00 °C  
24
38.89 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C  
36
688.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Grayish White  
Luster
Lustrous  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
0.30  
26
Brinell Hardness
750.00 MPa  
13
0.22 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,200.00 MPa  
13
0.22 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
6,100.00 m/s  
5
1,300.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.80  
21
1.54  
35
Reflectivity
93.00 %  
3
52.00 %  
29
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Sc  
Rb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
13  
26
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.36  
30
0.82  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.02  
40
0.31  
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
0.89  
99+
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.36  
31
0.69  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.19  
99+
0.71  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.64  
25
3.18  
3
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,633.00 kJ/mol  
6
3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol  
99+
3,860.00 kJ/mol  
11
4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol  
13
5,080.00 kJ/mol  
28
5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/mol  
7
6,850.00 kJ/mol  
31
6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/mol  
13
8,140.00 kJ/mol  
31
7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/mol  
8
9,570.00 kJ/mol  
20
8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/mol  
11
13,120.00 kJ/mol  
17
9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/mol  
14
14,500.00 kJ/mol  
18
10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/mol  
13
26,740.00 kJ/mol  
6
11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/mol  
16
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/mol  
7
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/mol  
2
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/mol  
3
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/mol  
6
40,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/mol  
5
40,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/mol  
6
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/mol  
8
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
35
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
37
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
39
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
38
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
40
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.19 g/amp-hr  
16
Electron Work Function
3.50 eV  
99+
2.16 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
21  
99+
37  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2  
[Kr] 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
21  
99+
37  
99+
Number of Neutrons
24  
99+
48  
99+
Number of Electrons
21  
99+
37  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
162.00 pm  
28
248.00 pm  
3
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm  
27
220.00 pm  
4
Van der Waals Radius
211.00 pm  
32
303.00 pm  
4
Atomic Weight
44.96 amu  
99+
85.47 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol  
99+
55.90 cm3/mol  
3
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Calcium
  
Gallium
  
Next Element
Titanium
  
Strontium
  
Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)  
25
9.47 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
330.90 pm  
99+
558.50 pm  
11
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
24
1.59  
28
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm3  
99+
1.53 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm3  
99+
1.46 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
150.00 MPa  
25
30.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
91.30 (Pa)  
3
0.00 (Pa)  
35
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
29.10 GPa  
28
2.50 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
56.60 GPa  
22
2.50 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
74.40 GPa  
28
2.40 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
18
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
2.99  
99+
1.53  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
8
0.00 H/m  
11
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m  
10
128.00 nΩ·m  
26
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.08 106/cm Ω  
29
Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol  
39
46.90 kJ/mol  
29
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)  
8
0.36 J/(kg K)  
17
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
31.06 J/mol·K  
7
Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K  
99+
58.20 W/m·K  
26
Critical Temperature
1,814.00 K  
28
2,093.00 K  
18
Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
90.00 µm/(m·K)  
2
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol  
99+
69.20 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol  
29
2.19 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol  
38
82.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K  
99+
76.80 J/mol.K  
5
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