Scandium Rubidium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Sc
Rb
Group Number
3
15
1
17
Period Number
4
5
Block
d block
s block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Alkali
CAS Number
7440202
99+
7440177
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
229.00
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
- Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
- Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Obtained from Lithium Production.
History
Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
Discovery
In 1879
In 1861
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-6 %
15
1 * 10-6 %
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %
16
~0.000003 %
17
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
18
0.00 %
19
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
23
0.01 %
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
32
0.00 %
7
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
7
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
- Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
- Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
- Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
22
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3
7
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
34
5.00 p.p.m.
13
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,539.00 °C
24
38.89 °C
99+
Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C
35
688.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Grayish White
Luster
Lustrous
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
0.30
24
Brinell Hardness
750.00 MPa
12
0.22 MPa
99+
Speed of Sound
Not Available
1,300.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Sc
Rb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
13
26
29
10
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.36
29
0.82
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.02
21
0.31
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20
27
0.89
40
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
0.69
24
Allen Electronegativity
1.19
36
0.71
99+
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.64
25
3.18
3
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol
99+
403.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,633.00 kJ/mol
6
3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol
99+
3,860.00 kJ/mol
11
4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol
6
5,080.00 kJ/mol
18
5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/mol
6
6,850.00 kJ/mol
19
6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/mol
7
8,140.00 kJ/mol
20
7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/mol
8
9,570.00 kJ/mol
20
8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/mol
11
13,120.00 kJ/mol
17
9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/mol
14
14,500.00 kJ/mol
18
10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/mol
13
26,740.00 kJ/mol
6
11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/mol
16
Not Available
12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/mol
5
Not Available
17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/mol
7
Not Available
19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr
99+
3.19 g/amp-hr
14
Electron Work Function
3.50 eV
31
2.16 eV
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
21
99+
37
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
[Kr] 5s1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
21
99+
37
99+
Number of Neutrons
24
99+
48
99+
Number of Electrons
21
99+
37
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
162.00 pm
26
248.00 pm
2
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm
25
220.00 pm
4
Van der Waals Radius
211.00 pm
25
303.00 pm
3
Atomic Weight
44.96 amu
99+
85.47 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol
34
55.90 cm3/mol
2
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)
24
9.47 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
330.90 pm
99+
558.50 pm
10
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59
7
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm3
99+
1.53 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm3
99+
1.46 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
22
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
91.30 (Pa)
3
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
29.10 GPa
24
Not Available
Bulk Modulus
56.60 GPa
21
2.50 GPa
99+
Young's Modulus
74.40 GPa
26
2.40 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.28
18
Not Available
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
2.99
99+
1.53
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m
10
128.00 nΩ·m
26
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.08 106/cm Ω
24
Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol
33
46.90 kJ/mol
24
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)
8
0.36 J/(kg K)
17
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K
37
31.06 J/mol·K
5
Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K
99+
58.20 W/m·K
26
Critical Temperature
Not Available
2,093.00 K
4
Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)
39
90.00 µm/(m·K)
2
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol
28
69.20 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol
25
2.19 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol
28
82.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K
99+
76.80 J/mol.K
5
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