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Scandium vs Yttrium

Scandium
Yttrium
Yttrium vs Scandium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Sc  
Y  
Group Number
3  
15
3  
15
Period Number
4  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440202  
99+
7440655  
25
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
  • Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
  • Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson  
Johan Gadolin  
Discovery
In 1879  
In 1794  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
18
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
18
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
32
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
  • Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
  • It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
22
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
26
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
39
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
Physical
Melting Point
1,539.00 °C  
24
1,523.00 °C  
27
Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C  
36
3,337.00 °C  
22
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
Lustrous  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
4.00  
11
Brinell Hardness
750.00 MPa  
13
589.00 MPa  
26
Vickers Hardness
1,200.00 MPa  
13
590.00 MPa  
29
Speed of Sound
6,100.00 m/s  
5
3,300.00 m/s  
34
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.80  
21
1.90  
18
Reflectivity
93.00 %  
3
83.00 %  
6
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Sc  
Y  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
13  
26
19  
20
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.36  
30
1.22  
39
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.02  
40
0.65  
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.36  
31
1.22  
38
Allen Electronegativity
1.19  
99+
1.12  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.64  
25
2.78  
16
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol  
99+
1,980.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol  
13
5,847.00 kJ/mol  
19
5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/mol  
7
7,430.00 kJ/mol  
22
6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/mol  
13
8,970.00 kJ/mol  
23
7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/mol  
8
11,190.00 kJ/mol  
18
8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/mol  
11
12,450.00 kJ/mol  
18
9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/mol  
14
14,110.00 kJ/mol  
19
10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/mol  
13
18,400.00 kJ/mol  
17
11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/mol  
16
19,900.00 kJ/mol  
18
12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/mol  
7
36,090.00 kJ/mol  
25
13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/mol  
2
6,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/mol  
3
6,000.00 kJ/mol  
33
15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/mol  
6
60,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/mol  
5
60,000.00 kJ/mol  
34
17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/mol  
6
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
6,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/mol  
8
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
35
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
37
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
39
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
38
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
40
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.11 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.50 eV  
99+
3.10 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
21  
99+
39  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2  
[Kr] 4d1 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Yttrium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
21  
99+
39  
99+
Number of Neutrons
24  
99+
50  
99+
Number of Electrons
21  
99+
39  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
162.00 pm  
28
180.00 pm  
16
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm  
27
190.00 pm  
18
Van der Waals Radius
211.00 pm  
32
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
44.96 amu  
99+
88.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol  
99+
19.80 cm3/mol  
33
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Calcium
  
Strontium
  
Next Element
Titanium
  
Zirconium
  
Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)  
25
48.00 (-eV)  
31
Lattice Constant
330.90 pm  
99+
364.74 pm  
34
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
24
1.57  
39
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm3  
99+
4.47 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm3  
99+
4.24 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
150.00 MPa  
25
160.00 MPa  
22
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
18
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
34
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
91.30 (Pa)  
3
4.27 (Pa)  
10
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
29.10 GPa  
28
25.60 GPa  
37
Bulk Modulus
56.60 GPa  
22
41.20 GPa  
35
Young's Modulus
74.40 GPa  
28
63.50 GPa  
34
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
18
0.24  
26
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
2.99  
99+
4.47  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
8
0.00 H/m  
18
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m  
10
596.00 nΩ·m  
8
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol  
39
29.60 kJ/mol  
36
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)  
8
0.30 J/(kg K)  
18
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
26.53 J/mol·K  
35
Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K  
99+
17.20 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,814.00 K  
28
1,799.00 K  
31
Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
10.60 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol  
99+
393.00 kJ/mol  
25
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol  
29
17.15 kJ/mol  
16
Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol  
38
418.00 kJ/mol  
23
Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K  
99+
44.40 J/mol.K  
99+
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