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Yttrium vs Scandium

Yttrium
Scandium
Scandium vs Yttrium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Y   
Sc   
Group Number
3   
15
3   
15
Period Number
5   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440655   
25
7440202   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
  • Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
  
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Johan Gadolin   
Lars Fredrik Nilson   
Discovery
In 1794   
In 1879   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-7 %   
17
3 * 10-6 %   
15
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.000004 %   
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
21
0.00 %   
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
22
0.00 %   
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
25
0.00 %   
32
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
  • It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
  
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
26
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
22
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.   
25
0.00 p.p.m.   
34
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,523.00 °C   
27
1,539.00 °C   
24
Boiling Point
3,337.00 °C   
21
2,832.00 °C   
35
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery White   
Luster
NA   
Lustrous   
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
589.00 MPa   
22
750.00 MPa   
12
Speed of Sound
3,300.00 m/s   
23
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Y   
Sc   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
19   
20
13   
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.22   
38
1.36   
29
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.65   
29
1.02   
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.20   
27
Allen Electronegativity
1.12   
38
1.19   
36
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.78   
16
2.64   
25
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol   
99+
633.10 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,180.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,235.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,388.60 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
5,847.00 kJ/mol   
10
7,090.60 kJ/mol   
6
5th Energy Level
7,430.00 kJ/mol   
14
8,843.00 kJ/mol   
6
6th Energy Level
8,970.00 kJ/mol   
17
10,679.00 kJ/mol   
7
7th Energy level
11,190.00 kJ/mol   
18
13,310.00 kJ/mol   
8
8th Energy Level
12,450.00 kJ/mol   
18
15,250.00 kJ/mol   
11
9th Energy Level
14,110.00 kJ/mol   
19
17,370.00 kJ/mol   
14
10th Energy Level
18,400.00 kJ/mol   
17
21,726.00 kJ/mol   
13
11th Energy Level
19,900.00 kJ/mol   
18
24,102.00 kJ/mol   
16
12th Energy Level
36,090.00 kJ/mol   
5
66,320.00 kJ/mol   
2
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
73,010.00 kJ/mol   
2
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
80,160.00 kJ/mol   
3
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
89,490.00 kJ/mol   
4
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
97,400.00 kJ/mol   
5
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
105,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
117,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
124,270.00 kJ/mol   
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.11 g/amp-hr   
99+
0.56 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV   
35
3.50 eV   
31
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
39   
99+
21   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d1 5s2   
[Ar] 3d1 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Yttrium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
39   
99+
21   
99+
Number of Neutrons
50   
99+
24   
99+
Number of Electrons
39   
99+
21   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm   
14
162.00 pm   
26
Covalent Radius
190.00 pm   
18
170.00 pm   
25
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
211.00 pm   
25
Atomic Weight
88.91 amu   
99+
44.96 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
19.80 cm3/mol   
21
15.00 cm3/mol   
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Strontium
  
Calcium
  
Next Element
Zirconium
  
Titanium
  
Valence Electron Potential
48.00 (-eV)   
30
58.00 (-eV)   
24
Lattice Constant
364.74 pm   
31
330.90 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
16
1.59   
7
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
4.47 g/cm3   
99+
2.99 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.24 g/cm3   
99+
2.80 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
32
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
4.27 (Pa)   
10
91.30 (Pa)   
3
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
25.60 GPa   
30
29.10 GPa   
24
Bulk Modulus
41.20 GPa   
30
56.60 GPa   
21
Young's Modulus
63.50 GPa   
32
74.40 GPa   
26
Poisson Ratio
0.24   
26
0.28   
18
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4.47   
99+
2.99   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
596.00 nΩ·m   
8
562.00 nΩ·m   
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
29.60 kJ/mol   
30
18.10 kJ/mol   
33
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.30 J/(kg K)   
18
0.60 J/(kg K)   
8
Molar Heat Capacity
26.53 J/mol·K   
27
25.52 J/mol·K   
37
Thermal Conductivity
17.20 W/m·K   
99+
15.80 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
10.60 µm/(m·K)   
37
10.20 µm/(m·K)   
39
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
393.00 kJ/mol   
18
314.20 kJ/mol   
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.15 kJ/mol   
16
14.10 kJ/mol   
25
Enthalpy of Atomization
418.00 kJ/mol   
18
343.00 kJ/mol   
28
Standard Molar Entropy
44.40 J/mol.K   
33
34.60 J/mol.K   
99+
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