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Yttrium vs Scandium

Yttrium
Scandium
Scandium vs Yttrium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Y  
Sc  
Group Number
3  
15
3  
15
Period Number
5  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440655  
25
7440202  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
  • Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
  
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Johan Gadolin  
Lars Fredrik Nilson  
Discovery
In 1794  
In 1879  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
18
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
25
0.00 %  
32
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
  • It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
  
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
26
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
22
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
0.00 p.p.m.  
39
Physical
Melting Point
1,523.00 °C  
27
1,539.00 °C  
24
Boiling Point
3,337.00 °C  
22
2,832.00 °C  
36
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00  
11
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
589.00 MPa  
26
750.00 MPa  
13
Vickers Hardness
590.00 MPa  
29
1,200.00 MPa  
13
Speed of Sound
3,300.00 m/s  
34
6,100.00 m/s  
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.90  
18
1.80  
21
Reflectivity
83.00 %  
6
93.00 %  
3
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Y  
Sc  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
19  
20
13  
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.22  
39
1.36  
30
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.65  
99+
1.02  
40
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.22  
38
1.36  
31
Allen Electronegativity
1.12  
99+
1.19  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.78  
16
2.64  
25
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,235.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,388.60 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,847.00 kJ/mol  
19
7,090.60 kJ/mol  
13
5th Energy Level
7,430.00 kJ/mol  
22
8,843.00 kJ/mol  
7
6th Energy Level
8,970.00 kJ/mol  
23
10,679.00 kJ/mol  
13
7th Energy level
11,190.00 kJ/mol  
18
13,310.00 kJ/mol  
8
8th Energy Level
12,450.00 kJ/mol  
18
15,250.00 kJ/mol  
11
9th Energy Level
14,110.00 kJ/mol  
19
17,370.00 kJ/mol  
14
10th Energy Level
18,400.00 kJ/mol  
17
21,726.00 kJ/mol  
13
11th Energy Level
19,900.00 kJ/mol  
18
24,102.00 kJ/mol  
16
12th Energy Level
36,090.00 kJ/mol  
25
66,320.00 kJ/mol  
7
13th Energy Level
6,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
73,010.00 kJ/mol  
2
14th Energy Level
6,000.00 kJ/mol  
33
80,160.00 kJ/mol  
3
15th Energy Level
60,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
89,490.00 kJ/mol  
6
16th Energy Level
60,000.00 kJ/mol  
34
97,400.00 kJ/mol  
5
17th Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
105,600.00 kJ/mol  
6
18th Energy Level
6,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
117,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
19th Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
124,270.00 kJ/mol  
8
20th Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.00 kJ/mol  
35
23rd Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
37
25th Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.00 kJ/mol  
39
26th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
38
27th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
40
28th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.11 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.56 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV  
99+
3.50 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
39  
99+
21  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d1 5s2  
[Ar] 3d1 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Yttrium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
39  
99+
21  
99+
Number of Neutrons
50  
99+
24  
99+
Number of Electrons
39  
99+
21  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm  
16
162.00 pm  
28
Covalent Radius
190.00 pm  
18
170.00 pm  
27
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
211.00 pm  
32
Atomic Weight
88.91 amu  
99+
44.96 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
19.80 cm3/mol  
33
15.00 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Strontium
  
Calcium
  
Next Element
Zirconium
  
Titanium
  
Valence Electron Potential
48.00 (-eV)  
31
58.00 (-eV)  
25
Lattice Constant
364.74 pm  
34
330.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
39
1.59  
24
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
4.47 g/cm3  
99+
2.99 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.24 g/cm3  
99+
2.80 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
160.00 MPa  
22
150.00 MPa  
25
Viscosity
0.00  
18
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
34
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
4.27 (Pa)  
10
91.30 (Pa)  
3
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
25.60 GPa  
37
29.10 GPa  
28
Bulk Modulus
41.20 GPa  
35
56.60 GPa  
22
Young's Modulus
63.50 GPa  
34
74.40 GPa  
28
Poisson Ratio
0.24  
26
0.28  
18
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4.47  
99+
2.99  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
18
0.00 H/m  
8
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
596.00 nΩ·m  
8
562.00 nΩ·m  
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
29.60 kJ/mol  
36
18.10 kJ/mol  
39
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.30 J/(kg K)  
18
0.60 J/(kg K)  
8
Molar Heat Capacity
26.53 J/mol·K  
35
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
17.20 W/m·K  
99+
15.80 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,799.00 K  
31
1,814.00 K  
28
Thermal Expansion
10.60 µm/(m·K)  
99+
10.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
393.00 kJ/mol  
25
314.20 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.15 kJ/mol  
16
14.10 kJ/mol  
29
Enthalpy of Atomization
418.00 kJ/mol  
23
343.00 kJ/mol  
38
Standard Molar Entropy
44.40 J/mol.K  
99+
34.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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