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Strontium vs Thulium

Strontium
Thulium
Thulium vs Strontium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Sr  
Tm  
Group Number
2  
16
3  
15
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
s block  
f block  
Element Family
Alkaline Earth  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440246  
99+
7440304  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Strontium element is softer than Calcium.
  • Silvery Strontium turns yellow, if exposed to air.
  
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Cruickshank  
Per Teodor Cleve  
Discovery
In 1787  
In 1879  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
15
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
15
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
15
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.04 %  
10
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
4
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Strontium metal is used to producing ferrite magnets as well as refining zinc.
  • By-product of nuclear reactors called Strontium-90 is a radioactive isotope; it is absorbed by tissues and destroys bone marrow and cancer growth.
  
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.03 Blood/mg dm-3  
19
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
140.00 p.p.m.  
7
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
769.00 °C  
99+
1,545.00 °C  
23
Boiling Point
1,384.00 °C  
99+
1,730.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
19
2.25  
16
Brinell Hardness
110.00 MPa  
99+
471.00 MPa  
30
Vickers Hardness
15.00 MPa  
99+
520.00 MPa  
33
Speed of Sound
4,170.00 m/s  
23
2,760.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.43  
39
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
65.00 %  
18
35.00 %  
34
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Sr  
Tm  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
27  
12
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.95  
99+
1.25  
36
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.72  
99+
1.25  
28
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.99  
38
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.00  
99+
1.25  
35
Allen Electronegativity
0.96  
99+
1.25  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.05  
7
2.75  
19
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
549.50 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,064.20 kJ/mol  
99+
1,160.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
4,138.00 kJ/mol  
10
2,285.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,500.00 kJ/mol  
22
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,910.00 kJ/mol  
30
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,760.00 kJ/mol  
26
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
10,230.00 kJ/mol  
19
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
11,800.00 kJ/mol  
19
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
15,600.00 kJ/mol  
17
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
17,100.00 kJ/mol  
19
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
31,270.00 kJ/mol  
6
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,490.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,490.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,490.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
35
15th Energy Level
54,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
54,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
36
17th Energy Level
549.50 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,490.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
549.50 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
549.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
549.50 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
549.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
549.50 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
549.50 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
549.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
549.50 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
549.50 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
549.50 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
549.50 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
549.50 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.64 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr  
30
Electron Work Function
2.59 eV  
99+
2.40 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
38  
99+
69  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 5s2  
[Xe] 4f13 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Strontium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
38  
99+
69  
99+
Number of Neutrons
50  
99+
100  
33
Number of Electrons
38  
99+
69  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
215.00 pm  
6
176.00 pm  
20
Covalent Radius
195.00 pm  
15
160.00 pm  
32
Van der Waals Radius
249.00 pm  
11
227.00 pm  
26
Atomic Weight
87.62 amu  
99+
168.93 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
33.70 cm3/mol  
9
18.10 cm3/mol  
40
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rubidium
  
Erbium
  
Next Element
Yttrium
  
Ytterbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
25.70 (-eV)  
99+
49.70 (-eV)  
29
Lattice Constant
608.49 pm  
6
353.75 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
40
1.57  
40
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
2.64 g/cm3  
99+
9.32 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.38 g/cm3  
99+
8.56 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
170.00 MPa  
21
69.00 MPa  
32
Viscosity
0.00  
2
0.00  
19
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
121.00 (Pa)  
1
0.06 (Pa)  
10
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
38
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
6.03 GPa  
99+
30.50 GPa  
26
Bulk Modulus
11.00 GPa  
99+
44.50 GPa  
30
Young's Modulus
15.70 GPa  
99+
74.00 GPa  
29
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
17
0.21  
32
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
2.64  
99+
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
35
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
132.00 nΩ·m  
24
676.00 nΩ·m  
5
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω  
31
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
5.03 kJ/mol  
99+
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.30 J/(kg K)  
18
0.16 J/(kg K)  
36
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
27.03 J/mol·K  
28
Thermal Conductivity
35.40 W/m·K  
38
16.90 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,050.00 K  
99+
1,818.00 K  
27
Thermal Expansion
22.50 µm/(m·K)  
19
13.30 µm/(m·K)  
35
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
191.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
9.16 kJ/mol  
99+
16.80 kJ/mol  
17
Enthalpy of Atomization
163.20 kJ/mol  
99+
247.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
55.00 J/mol.K  
34
74.00 J/mol.K  
9
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