Symbol
Tl
  
Ca
  
Period Number
6
  
4
  
Block
p block
  
s block
  
Element Family
Post-Transition
  
Alkaline Earth
  
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
  
Fm_ 3m
  
Interesting Facts
- Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
- Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
- Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
- It is found in the compound state.
- Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes
  
Humphry Davy
  
Discovery
In 1861
  
In 1808
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
  
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
  
Uses & Benefits
- Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
- In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
- It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
- Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
  
Chemical Industry
  
Medical Uses
Medical Research
  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Alloys
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
  
Non Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
Yes
  
Yes
  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
34
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3
  
4
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
  
33
170,000.00 p.p.m.
  
1
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C
  
99+
1,484.00 °C
  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Silvery White
  
Gray
  
Luster
NA
  
NA
  
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa
  
99+
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s
  
99+
3,810.00 m/s
  
19
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Tl
  
Ca
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol
  
99+
589.80 kJ/mol
  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol
  
14
1,145.40 kJ/mol
  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol
  
32
4,912.40 kJ/mol
  
7
4th Energy Level
Not Available
  
6,491.00 kJ/mol
  
7
5th Energy Level
Not Available
  
8,153.00 kJ/mol
  
7
6th Energy Level
Not Available
  
10,496.00 kJ/mol
  
8
7th Energy level
Not Available
  
12,270.00 kJ/mol
  
12
8th Energy Level
Not Available
  
14,206.00 kJ/mol
  
15
9th Energy Level
Not Available
  
18,191.00 kJ/mol
  
12
10th Energy Level
Not Available
  
20,385.00 kJ/mol
  
16
11th Energy Level
Not Available
  
57,110.00 kJ/mol
  
3
12th Energy Level
Not Available
  
63,410.00 kJ/mol
  
3
13th Energy Level
Not Available
  
70,110.00 kJ/mol
  
3
14th Energy Level
Not Available
  
78,890.00 kJ/mol
  
4
15th Energy Level
Not Available
  
86,310.00 kJ/mol
  
5
16th Energy Level
Not Available
  
94,000.00 kJ/mol
  
6
17th Energy Level
Not Available
  
104,900.00 kJ/mol
  
7
18th Energy Level
Not Available
  
111,711.00 kJ/mol
  
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr
  
2
0.75 g/amp-hr
  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
  
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
  
[Ar] 4s2
  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol
  
31
29.90 cm3/mol
  
7
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)
  
99+
29.00 (-eV)
  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3
  
31
1.55 g/cm3
  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3
  
13
1.38 g/cm3
  
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile
  
NA
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
  
Diamagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor
  
Conductor
  
Resistivity
33.60 nΩ·m
  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω
  
32
0.30 106/cm Ω
  
6
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol
  
32
2.37 kJ/mol
  
39
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)
  
39
0.63 J/(kg K)
  
7
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K
  
29
25.93 J/mol·K
  
34
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K
  
33
201.00 W/m·K
  
5
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)
  
12
22.30 µm/(m·K)
  
19
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol
  
99+
150.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol
  
99+
8.54 kJ/mol
  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol
  
99+
184.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K
  
19
41.60 J/mol.K
  
36