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Thallium Gadolinium Comparison

Thallium
Gadolinium
Gadolinium Thallium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl  
Gd  
Group Number
13  
5
0  
18
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
p block  
f block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440280  
99+
7440542  
33
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes  
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac  
Discovery
In 1861  
In 1880  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
33
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
303.50 °C  
99+
1,311.00 °C  
35
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C  
99+
3,233.00 °C  
26
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20  
21
4.50  
10
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa  
99+
700.00 MPa  
17
Vickers Hardness
120.00 MPa  
99+
510.00 MPa  
34
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s  
99+
2,680.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.90  
18
1.97  
16
Reflectivity
8.00 %  
37
59.00 %  
24
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Tl  
Gd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62  
22
1.20  
40
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25  
6
1.20  
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44  
18
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96  
11
1.20  
39
Allen Electronegativity
1.79  
16
1.20  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38  
33
2.80  
15
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
1,170.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
1,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
4,250.00 kJ/mol  
40
5th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
17
13th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
36
15th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
37
17th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
594.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
1.96 g/amp-hr  
36
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV  
39
3.10 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
81  
35
64  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81  
35
64  
99+
Number of Neutrons
123  
21
93  
38
Number of Electrons
81  
35
64  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm  
24
180.00 pm  
16
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm  
99+
196.00 pm  
14
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm  
37
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu  
31
47.87 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Europium
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Terbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
46.10 (-eV)  
35
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm  
99+
363.60 pm  
35
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60  
23
1.59  
29
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3  
33
7.90 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3  
33
7.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
47.00 MPa  
39
158.00 MPa  
23
Viscosity
0.00  
22
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)  
5
0.00 (Pa)  
32
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
38
7.39 (Pa)  
9
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa  
99+
21.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa  
33
37.90 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa  
99+
54.80 GPa  
38
Poisson Ratio
0.45  
2
0.26  
23
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85  
35
7.90  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Ferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
28
0.00  
4
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
1.31 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.23 J/(kg K)  
27
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
37.03 J/mol·K  
3
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K  
33
10.60 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
577.00 K  
99+
1,585.00 K  
38
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
9.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
359.40 kJ/mol  
30
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
10.05 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
352.00 kJ/mol  
36
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
68.10 J/mol.K  
16
Summary >>
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