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Thallium vs Gadolinium

Thallium
Gadolinium
Gadolinium vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl   
Gd   
Group Number
13   
5
0   
18
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
p block   
f block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7440280   
99+
7440542   
33
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes   
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac   
Discovery
In 1861   
In 1880   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %   
32
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0000002 %   
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
34
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
30
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
38
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
Not Available   
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
303.50 °C   
99+
1,311.00 °C   
35
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C   
99+
3,233.00 °C   
25
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery White   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20   
20
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa   
99+
Not Available   
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
510.00 MPa   
22
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s   
99+
2,680.00 m/s   
34
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tl   
Gd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
26   
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62   
21
1.20   
39
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25   
5
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44   
17
1.11   
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96   
6
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.79   
13
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38   
33
2.80   
15
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
593.40 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
1,170.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
1,990.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
4,250.00 kJ/mol   
30
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
1.96 g/amp-hr   
32
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV   
28
3.10 eV   
35
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
81   
35
64   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81   
35
64   
99+
Number of Neutrons
123   
20
93   
37
Number of Electrons
81   
35
64   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm   
22
180.00 pm   
14
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm   
39
196.00 pm   
14
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm   
30
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu   
31
47.87 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Europium
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Terbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
46.10 (-eV)   
34
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm   
99+
363.60 pm   
32
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60   
6
1.59   
9
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3   
31
7.90 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3   
13
7.40 g/cm3   
31
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)   
5
0.00 (Pa)   
30
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
7.39 (Pa)   
9
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa   
99+
21.80 GPa   
33
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa   
28
37.90 GPa   
34
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa   
99+
54.80 GPa   
35
Poisson Ratio
0.45   
2
0.26   
23
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85   
22
7.90   
40
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Ferromagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
1.31 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.23 J/(kg K)   
27
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
37.03 J/mol·K   
2
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K   
33
10.60 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
9.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
359.40 kJ/mol   
21
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
10.05 kJ/mol   
36
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
352.00 kJ/mol   
27
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
68.10 J/mol.K   
16
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