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Gadolinium vs Thallium

Gadolinium
Thallium
Thallium vs Gadolinium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Gd  
Tl  
Group Number
0  
18
13  
5
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
f block  
p block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440542  
33
7440280  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac  
William Crookes  
Discovery
In 1880  
In 1861  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
25
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
Physical
Melting Point
1,311.00 °C  
35
303.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C  
26
1,457.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.50  
10
1.20  
21
Brinell Hardness
700.00 MPa  
17
26.50 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
510.00 MPa  
34
120.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s  
99+
818.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.97  
16
1.90  
18
Reflectivity
59.00 %  
24
8.00 %  
37
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Gd  
Tl  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.20  
40
1.62  
22
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.20  
32
2.25  
6
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.44  
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.20  
39
1.96  
11
Allen Electronegativity
1.20  
99+
1.79  
16
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.80  
15
2.38  
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
4th Energy Level
4,250.00 kJ/mol  
40
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
5th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
17
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
36
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
15th Energy Level
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
37
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
17th Energy Level
594.10 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr  
36
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV  
99+
3.84 eV  
39
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
64  
99+
81  
35
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
64  
99+
81  
35
Number of Neutrons
93  
38
123  
21
Number of Electrons
64  
99+
81  
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm  
16
170.00 pm  
24
Covalent Radius
196.00 pm  
14
145.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm  
19
196.00 pm  
37
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu  
99+
204.38 amu  
31
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Europium
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Terbium
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)  
35
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
363.60 pm  
35
345.66 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
29
1.60  
23
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm3  
99+
11.85 g/cm3  
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.40 g/cm3  
99+
11.22 g/cm3  
33
Tensile Strength
158.00 MPa  
23
47.00 MPa  
39
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
32
16.90 (Pa)  
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.39 (Pa)  
9
0.00 (Pa)  
38
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
21.80 GPa  
99+
2.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
37.90 GPa  
99+
43.00 GPa  
33
Young's Modulus
54.80 GPa  
38
8.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.26  
23
0.45  
2
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.90  
99+
11.85  
35
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
12
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
4
0.00  
28
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
1.31 nΩ·m  
99+
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)  
27
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·K  
3
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
Thermal Conductivity
10.60 W/m·K  
99+
46.10 W/m·K  
33
Critical Temperature
1,585.00 K  
38
577.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
9.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/mol  
30
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.05 kJ/mol  
99+
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
352.00 kJ/mol  
36
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.K  
16
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
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