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Thallium vs Beryllium

Thallium
Beryllium
Beryllium vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl   
Be   
Group Number
13   
5
2   
16
Period Number
6   
2   
Block
p block   
s block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Alkaline Earth   
CAS Number
7440280   
99+
7440417   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Beryllium is best anti corrosion metal.
  • Beryllium is the lightest metal and still it is stronger than steel.
  • It also finds various applications in Nuclear reactors as a reflector.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes   
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin   
Discovery
In 1861   
In 1797   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %   
32
1 * 10-7 %   
23
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.00000001 %   
29
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
35
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
39
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
19
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • Its alloys with copper or nickel are used in manufacturing Gyroscopes, springs, electrical contact and non sparking tools.
  • Beryllium Alloys are used as a material for aircraft, missiles, spacecraft and satellite.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
32
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
0.00 p.p.m.   
32
Physical Properties
Melting Point
303.50 °C   
99+
1,278.00 °C   
36
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C   
99+
2,970.00 °C   
32
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
White Gray   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20   
20
5.50   
7
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa   
99+
590.00 MPa   
21
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
1,670.00 MPa   
4
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s   
99+
12,890.00 m/s   
2
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tl   
Be   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
9   
29
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62   
21
1.57   
24
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25   
5
1.81   
12
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44   
17
1.47   
14
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96   
6
1.54   
12
Allen Electronegativity
1.79   
13
1.58   
23
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38   
33
2.43   
30
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
899.50 kJ/mol   
7
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
1,757.10 kJ/mol   
23
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
14,848.70 kJ/mol   
2
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
21,006.60 kJ/mol   
2
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
0.17 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV   
28
4.98 eV   
6
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
81   
35
4   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
[He] 2s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Beryllium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81   
35
4   
99+
Number of Neutrons
123   
20
5   
99+
Number of Electrons
81   
35
4   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm   
22
112.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm   
39
96.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm   
30
153.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu   
31
9.01 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
5.00 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Lithium
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Sodium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
82.00 (-eV)   
15
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm   
99+
228.58 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60   
6
1.57   
18
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3   
31
1.85 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3   
13
1.69 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)   
5
0.00 (Pa)   
19
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa   
99+
132.00 GPa   
7
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa   
28
130.00 GPa   
13
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa   
99+
287.00 GPa   
7
Poisson Ratio
0.45   
2
0.03   
35
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85   
22
1.85   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
36.00 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
0.31 106/cm Ω   
5
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
1.82 J/(kg K)   
2
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
16.44 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K   
33
200.00 W/m·K   
6
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
11.30 µm/(m·K)   
34
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
294.70 kJ/mol   
30
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
11.72 kJ/mol   
30
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
326.40 kJ/mol   
30
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
9.50 J/mol.K   
99+
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