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Beryllium vs Thallium

Beryllium
Thallium
Thallium vs Beryllium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Be  
Tl  
Group Number
2  
16
13  
5
Period Number
2  
6  
Block
s block  
p block  
Element Family
Alkaline Earth  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440417  
99+
7440280  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Beryllium is best anti corrosion metal.
  • Beryllium is the lightest metal and still it is stronger than steel.
  • It also finds various applications in Nuclear reactors as a reflector.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
William Crookes  
Discovery
In 1797  
In 1861  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
29
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
35
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
39
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys with copper or nickel are used in manufacturing Gyroscopes, springs, electrical contact and non sparking tools.
  • Beryllium Alloys are used as a material for aircraft, missiles, spacecraft and satellite.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
35
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
37
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
Physical
Melting Point
1,278.00 °C  
36
303.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,970.00 °C  
33
1,457.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
White Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
1.20  
21
Brinell Hardness
590.00 MPa  
25
26.50 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,670.00 MPa  
9
120.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
12,890.00 m/s  
2
818.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.56  
34
1.90  
18
Reflectivity
65.00 %  
18
8.00 %  
37
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Be  
Tl  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
9  
29
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.57  
25
1.62  
22
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.81  
15
2.25  
6
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.47  
15
1.44  
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.54  
24
1.96  
11
Allen Electronegativity
1.58  
26
1.79  
16
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.43  
30
2.38  
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
899.50 kJ/mol  
7
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,757.10 kJ/mol  
24
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
3rd Energy Level
14,848.70 kJ/mol  
2
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
4th Energy Level
21,006.60 kJ/mol  
2
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
5th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
1,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
29,700.00 kJ/mol  
35
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
15th Energy Level
89,900.00 kJ/mol  
5
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
89,900.00 kJ/mol  
8
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
17th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
14
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,995.00 kJ/mol  
13
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
899.50 kJ/mol  
22
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
899.00 kJ/mol  
12
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
26
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
899.00 kJ/mol  
10
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
31
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
297.30 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
2
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
2
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
297.30 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
297.30 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
2
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
2
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.17 g/amp-hr  
99+
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
Electron Work Function
4.98 eV  
10
3.84 eV  
39
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
4  
99+
81  
35
Electron Configuration
[He] 2s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Beryllium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
4  
99+
81  
35
Number of Neutrons
5  
99+
123  
21
Number of Electrons
4  
99+
81  
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
112.00 pm  
99+
170.00 pm  
24
Covalent Radius
96.00 pm  
99+
145.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
153.00 pm  
99+
196.00 pm  
37
Atomic Weight
9.01 amu  
99+
204.38 amu  
31
Atomic Volume
5.00 cm3/mol  
99+
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lithium
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Sodium
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
82.00 (-eV)  
15
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
228.58 pm  
99+
345.66 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
99+
1.60  
23
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.85 g/cm3  
99+
11.85 g/cm3  
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.69 g/cm3  
99+
11.22 g/cm3  
33
Tensile Strength
287.00 MPa  
16
47.00 MPa  
39
Viscosity
0.00  
17
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
20
16.90 (Pa)  
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
38
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
132.00 GPa  
7
2.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
130.00 GPa  
13
43.00 GPa  
33
Young's Modulus
287.00 GPa  
7
8.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.03  
36
0.45  
2
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
1.85  
99+
11.85  
35
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
12
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
11
0.00  
28
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
36.00 nΩ·m  
99+
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.31 106/cm Ω  
5
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
Thermal
Specific Heat
1.82 J/(kg K)  
2
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
16.44 J/mol·K  
99+
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
Thermal Conductivity
200.00 W/m·K  
6
46.10 W/m·K  
33
Critical Temperature
1,551.00 K  
39
577.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
11.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
294.70 kJ/mol  
99+
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
11.72 kJ/mol  
36
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
326.40 kJ/mol  
40
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
9.50 J/mol.K  
99+
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
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