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Thallium vs Europium

Thallium
Europium
Europium vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl  
Eu  
Group Number
13  
5
3  
15
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
p block  
f block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440280  
99+
7440531  
34
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Europium is used in Euro banknotes for security features.  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes  
Eugène-Anatole Demarçay  
Discovery
In 1861  
In 1896  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
33
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
36
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • Europium metals main uses is in the printing of euro banknotes. These notes glow red under UV light.
  • It is used in low energy light bulbs.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
303.50 °C  
99+
822.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C  
99+
1,597.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20  
21
2.00  
17
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa  
99+
167.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
120.00 MPa  
99+
167.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s  
99+
6,320.00 m/s  
4
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.90  
18
1.83  
19
Reflectivity
8.00 %  
37
65.00 %  
18
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Tl  
Eu  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
31  
8
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62  
22
1.20  
40
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25  
6
1.01  
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44  
18
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96  
11
1.20  
39
Allen Electronegativity
1.79  
16
1.20  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38  
33
2.50  
27
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
1,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
2,404.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,471.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,471.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
54,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
54,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
580.70 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
1.89 g/amp-hr  
37
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV  
39
2.50 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
81  
35
63  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
[Xe] 4f7 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81  
35
63  
99+
Number of Neutrons
123  
21
89  
39
Number of Electrons
81  
35
63  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm  
24
180.00 pm  
16
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm  
99+
198.00 pm  
13
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm  
37
233.00 pm  
22
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu  
31
151.96 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
28.90 cm3/mol  
11
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Samarium
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Gadolinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
45.60 (-eV)  
36
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm  
99+
458.10 pm  
19
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60  
23
1.58  
35
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3  
33
5.26 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3  
33
5.13 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
47.00 MPa  
39
120.00 MPa  
27
Viscosity
0.00  
22
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)  
5
19.40 (Pa)  
4
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
38
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa  
99+
7.90 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa  
33
8.30 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa  
99+
18.20 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.45  
2
0.15  
35
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85  
35
5.24  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
28
0.00  
15
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
0.90 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.18 J/(kg K)  
34
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
27.66 J/mol·K  
19
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K  
33
13.90 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
577.00 K  
99+
1,099.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
35.00 µm/(m·K)  
8
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
143.50 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
9.21 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
77.80 J/mol.K  
4
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