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Thallium vs Radium


Radium vs Thallium


Periodic Table

Symbol
Tl   
Ra   

Group Number
13   
5
2   
16

Period Number
6   
7   

Block
p block   
s block   

Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Alkaline Earth   

CAS Number
7440280   
99+
7440144   
99+

Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Im_ 3m   

Space Group Number
194.00   
5
229.00   
1

Facts

Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Radium metal is the heaviest metal of Alkaline earth metals column.
  • Radium metal is highly radioactive and does not have any stable isotopes.
  

Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Mining, Ores of metals   

History
  
  

Who Discovered
William Crookes   
Not Available   

Discovery
In 1861   
In 1898   

Abundance
  
  

Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %   
32
Not Available   

Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~-9999 %   

Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   

Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+

Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
99+

Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
20

Uses

Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • It is a highly radioactive metal; and sometime Radium-223 is used to treat prostate cancer.
  • It is used in luminous paints.
  

Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
NA   

Medical Uses
Medical Research   
Pharmaceutical Industry   

Other Uses
Alloys   
NA   

Biological Properties
  
  

Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Highly Toxic   

Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   

In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
Not Available   

In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
Not Available   

Physical Properties

Melting Point
303.50 °C   
99+
700.00 °C   
99+

Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C   
99+
1,737.00 °C   
99+

Appearance
  
  

Physical State
Solid   
Solid   

Color
Silvery White   
Silvery White   

Luster
NA   
Metallic   

Hardness
  
  

Mohs Hardness
1.20   
20
Not Available   

Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa   
99+
Not Available   

Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s   
99+
Not Available   

Optical Properties
  
  

Allotropes
No   
No   

α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

Chemical Properties

Chemical Formula
Tl   
Ra   

Isotopes
  
  

Known Isotopes
32   
7
33   
6

Electronegativity
  
  

Pauling Electronegativity
1.62   
21
0.90   
99+

Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25   
5
Not Available   

Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44   
17
0.97   
38

Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96   
6
0.92   
20

Allen Electronegativity
1.79   
13
0.89   
99+

Electropositivity
  
  

Pauling Electropositivity
2.38   
33
3.10   
5

Ionization Energies
  
  

1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
509.30 kJ/mol   
99+

2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
979.00 kJ/mol   
99+

3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
Not Available   

Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
4.22 g/amp-hr   
6

Electron Work Function
3.84 eV   
28
Not Available   

Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   

Atomic Properties

Atomic Number
81   
35
88   
30

Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
[Rn] 7s2   

Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   

Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   

Atom
  
  

Number of Protons
81   
35
88   
30

Number of Neutrons
123   
20
138   
16

Number of Electrons
81   
35
88   
30

Radius of an Atom
  
  

Atomic Radius
170.00 pm   
22
Not Available   

Covalent Radius
145.00 pm   
39
221.00 pm   
3

Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm   
30
283.00 pm   
4

Atomic Weight
204.38 amu   
31
226.00 amu   
26

Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
45.20 cm3/mol   
4

Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  

Previous Element
Mercury
  
Francium
  

Next Element
Lead
  
Actinium
  

Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
20.10 (-eV)   
99+

Lattice Constant
345.66 pm   
99+
514.80 pm   
13

Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   

Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60   
6
Not Available   

Mechanical Properties

Density
  
  

Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3   
31
5.50 g/cm3   
99+

Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3   
13
Not Available   

Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   

Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   

Vapor Pressure
  
  

Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)   
5
Not Available   

Elasticity properties
  
  

Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa   
99+
Not Available   

Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa   
28
Not Available   

Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa   
99+
Not Available   

Poisson Ratio
0.45   
2
Not Available   

Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile   
NA   

Magnetic Properties

Magnetic Characteristics
  
  

Specific Gravity
11.85   
22
5.00   
99+

Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Nonmagnetic   

Electrical Properties
  
  

Electrical Property
Conductor   
NA   

Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
100.00 nΩ·m   
31

Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
Not Available   

Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
Not Available   

Thermal Properties

Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40

Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
Not Available   

Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K   
33
18.60 W/m·K   
99+

Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   

Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
Not Available   

Enthalpy
  
  

Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   

Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   

Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
163.00 kJ/mol   
99+

Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
71.00 J/mol.K   
14

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