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Radium vs Thallium

Radium
Thallium
Thallium vs Radium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ra  
Tl  
Group Number
2  
16
13  
5
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
s block  
p block  
Element Family
Alkaline Earth  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440144  
99+
7440280  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Radium metal is the heaviest metal of Alkaline earth metals column.
  • Radium metal is highly radioactive and does not have any stable isotopes.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
William Crookes  
Discovery
In 1898  
In 1861  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is a highly radioactive metal; and sometime Radium-223 is used to treat prostate cancer.
  • It is used in luminous paints.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
34
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
Physical
Melting Point
700.00 °C  
99+
303.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,737.00 °C  
99+
1,457.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.00  
22
1.20  
21
Brinell Hardness
700.00 MPa  
17
26.50 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
140.00 MPa  
99+
120.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,150.00 m/s  
37
818.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.00  
99+
1.90  
18
Reflectivity
83.00 %  
6
8.00 %  
37
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ra  
Tl  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
33  
6
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.90  
99+
1.62  
22
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.89  
99+
2.25  
6
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.97  
39
1.44  
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.92  
99+
1.96  
11
Allen Electronegativity
0.89  
99+
1.79  
16
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.10  
5
2.38  
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
979.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
3rd Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
4th Energy Level
5,093.00 kJ/mol  
27
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
5th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
15th Energy Level
50,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
50,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
17th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
4.22 g/amp-hr  
6
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
3.84 eV  
39
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
88  
30
81  
35
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 7s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
88  
30
81  
35
Number of Neutrons
138  
17
123  
21
Number of Electrons
88  
30
81  
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
215.00 pm  
6
170.00 pm  
24
Covalent Radius
221.00 pm  
3
145.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
283.00 pm  
5
196.00 pm  
37
Atomic Weight
226.00 amu  
26
204.38 amu  
31
Atomic Volume
45.20 cm3/mol  
5
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Francium
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Actinium
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
20.10 (-eV)  
99+
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
514.80 pm  
15
345.66 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
99+
1.60  
23
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
11.85 g/cm3  
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
11.22 g/cm3  
33
Tensile Strength
40.00 MPa  
99+
47.00 MPa  
39
Viscosity
0.00  
2
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
16
16.90 (Pa)  
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
33
0.00 (Pa)  
38
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
25.00 GPa  
38
2.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa  
33
43.00 GPa  
33
Young's Modulus
83.00 GPa  
25
8.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.31  
13
0.45  
2
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.00  
99+
11.85  
35
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
18
0.00  
28
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
100.00 nΩ·m  
31
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
Electron Affinity
0.90 kJ/mol  
99+
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
20.05 J/mol·K  
99+
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
Thermal Conductivity
18.60 W/m·K  
99+
46.10 W/m·K  
33
Critical Temperature
973.00 K  
99+
577.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
8.50 µm/(m·K)  
99+
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.60 kJ/mol  
99+
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
163.00 kJ/mol  
99+
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
71.00 J/mol.K  
14
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
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