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Thallium vs Rhodium

Thallium
Rhodium
Rhodium vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl  
Rh  
Group Number
13  
5
9  
9
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440280  
99+
7440166  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
  • Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
In 1861  
In 1804  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
33
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
36
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
  • It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
303.50 °C  
99+
1,966.00 °C  
12
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C  
99+
3,727.00 °C  
17
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20  
21
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa  
99+
980.00 MPa  
10
Vickers Hardness
120.00 MPa  
99+
1,100.00 MPa  
15
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s  
99+
4,700.00 m/s  
19
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.90  
18
2.40  
7
Reflectivity
8.00 %  
37
84.00 %  
5
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Tl  
Rh  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
16  
23
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62  
22
2.28  
4
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25  
6
2.28  
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44  
18
1.45  
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96  
11
2.28  
4
Allen Electronegativity
1.79  
16
1.56  
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38  
33
1.72  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
1,740.00 kJ/mol  
27
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
2,997.00 kJ/mol  
27
4th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
11
5th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
26
6th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
40
7th Energy level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
35
8th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,480.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
33
11th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
12th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
27
14th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
21
15th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
23
16th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
18
17th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
39
18th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
29
19th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
36
20th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
719.00 kJ/mol  
30
21st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
719.00 kJ/mol  
24
23rd Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
25th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
26th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
27th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
22
28th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
28
29th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
30th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
1.28 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV  
39
4.98 eV  
10
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
81  
35
45  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
[Kr] 4d8 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81  
35
45  
99+
Number of Neutrons
123  
21
58  
99+
Number of Electrons
81  
35
45  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm  
24
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm  
99+
142.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm  
37
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu  
31
102.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Ruthenium
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Palladium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
64.00 (-eV)  
22
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm  
99+
380.34 pm  
30
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60  
23
1.73  
7
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3  
33
12.41 g/cm3  
30
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3  
33
10.70 g/cm3  
35
Tensile Strength
47.00 MPa  
39
951.00 MPa  
5
Viscosity
0.00  
22
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)  
5
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
38
0.02 (Pa)  
19
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa  
99+
150.00 GPa  
6
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa  
33
275.00 GPa  
5
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa  
99+
380.00 GPa  
5
Poisson Ratio
0.45  
2
0.26  
22
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile  
Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85  
35
12.41  
32
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
28
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
43.30 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
0.21 106/cm Ω  
8
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
109.70 kJ/mol  
8
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.24 J/(kg K)  
22
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
24.98 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K  
33
150.00 W/m·K  
9
Critical Temperature
577.00 K  
99+
2,237.00 K  
13
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
8.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
495.40 kJ/mol  
16
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
21.76 kJ/mol  
10
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
556.50 kJ/mol  
16
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
31.50 J/mol.K  
99+
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