Symbol
Tl
  
Rh
  
Period Number
6
  
5
  
Block
p block
  
d block
  
Element Family
Post-Transition
  
Transition Metal
  
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
  
Fm_ 3m
  
Interesting Facts
- Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
- Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
- Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
- Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
  
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes
  
William Hyde Wollaston
  
Discovery
In 1861
  
In 1804
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
  
26
~0.0000002 %
  
25
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
  
Uses & Benefits
- Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
- In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
- Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
- It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Medical Uses
Medical Research
  
NA
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Alloys
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
  
NA
  
Present in Human Body
Yes
  
No
  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
34
Not Available
  
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
  
33
Not Available
  
Melting Point
1,966.00 °C
  
12
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C
  
99+
3,727.00 °C
  
17
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Silvery White
  
Silvery White
  
Luster
NA
  
Metallic
  
Hardness
  
  
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
  
1,100.00 MPa
  
9
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s
  
99+
4,700.00 m/s
  
15
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Tl
  
Rh
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol
  
99+
719.70 kJ/mol
  
29
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol
  
14
1,740.00 kJ/mol
  
26
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol
  
32
2,997.00 kJ/mol
  
27
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr
  
2
1.28 g/amp-hr
  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
  
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
  
[Kr] 4d8 5s1
  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Weight
102.91 amu
  
99+
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol
  
31
8.30 cm3/mol
  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)
  
99+
64.00 (-eV)
  
22
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3
  
31
12.41 g/cm3
  
28
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3
  
13
10.70 g/cm3
  
14
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile
  
Malleable
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
  
Paramagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor
  
Conductor
  
Resistivity
43.30 nΩ·m
  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω
  
32
0.21 106/cm Ω
  
8
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol
  
32
109.70 kJ/mol
  
7
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)
  
39
0.24 J/(kg K)
  
22
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K
  
29
24.98 J/mol·K
  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K
  
33
150.00 W/m·K
  
9
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)
  
12
8.20 µm/(m·K)
  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol
  
99+
495.40 kJ/mol
  
12
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol
  
99+
21.76 kJ/mol
  
10
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol
  
99+
556.50 kJ/mol
  
12
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K
  
19
31.50 J/mol.K
  
99+