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Thallium vs Rhodium


Rhodium vs Thallium


Periodic Table

Symbol
Tl   
Rh   

Group Number
13   
5
9   
9

Period Number
6   
5   

Block
p block   
d block   

Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Transition Metal   

CAS Number
7440280   
99+
7440166   
99+

Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Fm_ 3m   

Space Group Number
194.00   
5
225.00   
2

Facts

Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
  • Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
  

Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   

History
  
  

Who Discovered
William Crookes   
William Hyde Wollaston   

Discovery
In 1861   
In 1804   

Abundance
  
  

Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %   
32
6 * 10-8 %   
26

Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0000002 %   
25

Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
36

Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+

Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
Not Available   

Uses

Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
  • It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
  

Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   

Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   

Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   

Biological Properties
  
  

Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
NA   

Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   

In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
Not Available   

In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
Not Available   

Physical Properties

Melting Point
303.50 °C   
99+
1,966.00 °C   
12

Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C   
99+
3,727.00 °C   
17

Appearance
  
  

Physical State
Solid   
Solid   

Color
Silvery White   
Silvery White   

Luster
NA   
Metallic   

Hardness
  
  

Mohs Hardness
1.20   
20
6.00   
6

Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa   
99+
980.00 MPa   
9

Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
1,100.00 MPa   
9

Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s   
99+
4,700.00 m/s   
15

Optical Properties
  
  

Reflectivity
Not Available   
84.00 %   
4

Allotropes
No   
No   

α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

Chemical Properties

Chemical Formula
Tl   
Rh   

Isotopes
  
  

Known Isotopes
32   
7
16   
23

Electronegativity
  
  

Pauling Electronegativity
1.62   
21
2.28   
3

Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25   
5
Not Available   

Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44   
17
1.45   
16

Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96   
6
Not Available   

Allen Electronegativity
1.79   
13
1.56   
24

Electropositivity
  
  

Pauling Electropositivity
2.38   
33
1.72   
99+

Ionization Energies
  
  

1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
719.70 kJ/mol   
29

2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
1,740.00 kJ/mol   
26

3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
2,997.00 kJ/mol   
27

Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
1.28 g/amp-hr   
99+

Electron Work Function
3.84 eV   
28
4.98 eV   
6

Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   

Atomic Properties

Atomic Number
81   
35
45   
99+

Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
[Kr] 4d8 5s1   

Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   

Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100   

Atom
  
  

Number of Protons
81   
35
45   
99+

Number of Neutrons
123   
20
58   
99+

Number of Electrons
81   
35
45   
99+

Radius of an Atom
  
  

Atomic Radius
170.00 pm   
22
134.00 pm   
99+

Covalent Radius
145.00 pm   
39
142.00 pm   
99+

Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm   
30
200.00 pm   
28

Atomic Weight
204.38 amu   
31
102.91 amu   
99+

Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
8.30 cm3/mol   
99+

Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  

Previous Element
Mercury
  
Ruthenium
  

Next Element
Lead
  
Palladium
  

Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
64.00 (-eV)   
22

Lattice Constant
345.66 pm   
99+
380.34 pm   
27

Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   

Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60   
6
Not Available   

Mechanical Properties

Density
  
  

Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3   
31
12.41 g/cm3   
28

Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3   
13
10.70 g/cm3   
14

Tensile Strength
Not Available   
951.00 MPa   
5

Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   

Vapor Pressure
  
  

Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)   
5
Not Available   

Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.02 (Pa)   
19

Elasticity properties
  
  

Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa   
99+
150.00 GPa   
6

Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa   
28
275.00 GPa   
5

Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa   
99+
380.00 GPa   
5

Poisson Ratio
0.45   
2
0.26   
22

Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile   
Malleable   

Magnetic Properties

Magnetic Characteristics
  
  

Specific Gravity
11.85   
22
12.41   
20

Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   

Electrical Properties
  
  

Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   

Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
43.30 nΩ·m   
99+

Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
0.21 106/cm Ω   
8

Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
109.70 kJ/mol   
7

Thermal Properties

Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.24 J/(kg K)   
22

Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
24.98 J/mol·K   
99+

Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K   
33
150.00 W/m·K   
9

Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   

Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
8.20 µm/(m·K)   
99+

Enthalpy
  
  

Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
495.40 kJ/mol   
12

Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
21.76 kJ/mol   
10

Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
556.50 kJ/mol   
12

Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
31.50 J/mol.K   
99+

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