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Rhodium vs Thallium

Rhodium
Thallium
Thallium vs Rhodium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Rh  
Tl  
Group Number
9  
9
13  
5
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
d block  
p block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440166  
99+
7440280  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
  • Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston  
William Crookes  
Discovery
In 1804  
In 1861  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
25
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
36
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
  • It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
Physical
Melting Point
1,966.00 °C  
12
303.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,727.00 °C  
17
1,457.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
1.20  
21
Brinell Hardness
980.00 MPa  
10
26.50 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,100.00 MPa  
15
120.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
4,700.00 m/s  
19
818.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.40  
7
1.90  
18
Reflectivity
84.00 %  
5
8.00 %  
37
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Rh  
Tl  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
16  
23
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.28  
4
1.62  
22
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.28  
5
2.25  
6
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.45  
17
1.44  
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.28  
4
1.96  
11
Allen Electronegativity
1.56  
27
1.79  
16
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.72  
99+
2.38  
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,740.00 kJ/mol  
27
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
3rd Energy Level
2,997.00 kJ/mol  
27
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
4th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
11
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
5th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
26
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
40
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
35
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
3,480.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
33
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
27
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
21
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
15th Energy Level
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
23
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
18
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
17th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
39
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
29
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
36
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
719.00 kJ/mol  
30
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
719.00 kJ/mol  
24
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
22
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
28
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.28 g/amp-hr  
99+
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
Electron Work Function
4.98 eV  
10
3.84 eV  
39
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
45  
99+
81  
35
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d8 5s1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
45  
99+
81  
35
Number of Neutrons
58  
99+
123  
21
Number of Electrons
45  
99+
81  
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
170.00 pm  
24
Covalent Radius
142.00 pm  
99+
145.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
196.00 pm  
37
Atomic Weight
102.91 amu  
99+
204.38 amu  
31
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Ruthenium
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Palladium
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
380.34 pm  
30
345.66 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.73  
7
1.60  
23
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.41 g/cm3  
30
11.85 g/cm3  
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.70 g/cm3  
35
11.22 g/cm3  
33
Tensile Strength
951.00 MPa  
5
47.00 MPa  
39
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
16.90 (Pa)  
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.02 (Pa)  
19
0.00 (Pa)  
38
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
150.00 GPa  
6
2.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
275.00 GPa  
5
43.00 GPa  
33
Young's Modulus
380.00 GPa  
5
8.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.26  
22
0.45  
2
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable  
Ductile, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.41  
32
11.85  
35
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
28
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
43.30 nΩ·m  
99+
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.21 106/cm Ω  
8
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
Electron Affinity
109.70 kJ/mol  
8
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
22
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
24.98 J/mol·K  
99+
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
Thermal Conductivity
150.00 W/m·K  
9
46.10 W/m·K  
33
Critical Temperature
2,237.00 K  
13
577.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
8.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
495.40 kJ/mol  
16
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
21.76 kJ/mol  
10
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
556.50 kJ/mol  
16
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
31.50 J/mol.K  
99+
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
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