Symbol
Tl
  
Na
  
Period Number
6
  
3
  
Block
p block
  
s block
  
Element Family
Post-Transition
  
Alkali
  
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
  
Im_ 3m
  
Interesting Facts
- Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
- Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
- At room temperature Sodium metal is very soft as it can be chopped down into pieces with butter knife.
- The most common compound of Sodium is NaCl (Salt).
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
  
By Electrolysis Process, Mining
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes
  
Humphry Davy
  
Discovery
In 1861
  
In 1807
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
  
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
  
Uses & Benefits
- Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
- In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
- In some nuclear reactors sodium is used as a heat exchanger.
- Compound of Sodium metals called Salt (Sodium chloride) is used in Food.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Medical Uses
Medical Research
  
Pharmaceutical Industry
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Alloys
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
  
Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
Yes
  
Yes
  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
34
1,970.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
1
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
  
33
10,000.00 p.p.m.
  
2
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C
  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Silvery White
  
Silvery White
  
Luster
NA
  
Metallic
  
Hardness
  
  
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s
  
99+
3,200.00 m/s
  
24
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Tl
  
Na
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol
  
99+
495.80 kJ/mol
  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol
  
14
4,562.00 kJ/mol
  
4
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol
  
32
6,910.30 kJ/mol
  
6
4th Energy Level
Not Available
  
9,543.00 kJ/mol
  
5
5th Energy Level
Not Available
  
13,354.00 kJ/mol
  
4
6th Energy Level
Not Available
  
16,613.00 kJ/mol
  
4
7th Energy level
Not Available
  
20,117.00 kJ/mol
  
4
8th Energy Level
Not Available
  
25,496.00 kJ/mol
  
4
9th Energy Level
Not Available
  
28,932.00 kJ/mol
  
4
10th Energy Level
Not Available
  
141,362.00 kJ/mol
  
2
11th Energy Level
Not Available
  
159,076.00 kJ/mol
  
2
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr
  
2
0.86 g/amp-hr
  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
  
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
  
[Ne] 3s1
  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol
  
31
23.70 cm3/mol
  
10
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)
  
99+
14.10 (-eV)
  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3
  
31
0.97 g/cm3
  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3
  
13
0.93 g/cm3
  
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
  
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile
  
NA
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
  
Paramagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor
  
Conductor
  
Resistivity
47.70 nΩ·m
  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω
  
32
0.21 106/cm Ω
  
9
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol
  
32
52.80 kJ/mol
  
19
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)
  
39
1.23 J/(kg K)
  
3
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K
  
29
28.23 J/mol·K
  
10
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K
  
33
142.00 W/m·K
  
11
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)
  
12
71.00 µm/(m·K)
  
4
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol
  
99+
89.04 kJ/mol
  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol
  
99+
2.59 kJ/mol
  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol
  
99+
108.40 kJ/mol
  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K
  
19
51.30 J/mol.K
  
28