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Sodium vs Thallium

Sodium
Thallium
Thallium vs Sodium


Periodic Table
Symbol
-  
Tl  
Group Number
1  
17
13  
5
Period Number
3  
6  
Block
s block  
p block  
Element Family
Alkali  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440235  
99+
7440280  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • At room temperature Sodium metal is very soft as it can be chopped down into pieces with butter knife.
  • The most common compound of Sodium is NaCl (Salt).
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
By Electrolysis Process, Mining  
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Humphry Davy  
William Crookes  
Discovery
In 1807  
In 1861  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
7
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
6
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.55 %  
6
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.30 %  
5
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
1.10 %  
1
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.14 %  
4
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • In some nuclear reactors sodium is used as a heat exchanger.
  • Compound of Sodium metals called Salt (Sodium chloride) is used in Food.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
1,970.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
1
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
10,000.00 p.p.m.  
2
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
Physical
Melting Point
97.72 °C  
99+
303.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
883.00 °C  
99+
1,457.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
0.50  
24
1.20  
21
Brinell Hardness
0.69 MPa  
99+
26.50 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
0.69 MPa  
99+
120.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,200.00 m/s  
35
818.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.33  
99+
1.90  
18
Reflectivity
53.00 %  
28
8.00 %  
37
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
-  
Tl  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
17  
22
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.93  
99+
1.62  
22
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.56  
99+
2.25  
6
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.01  
36
1.44  
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.91  
99+
1.96  
11
Allen Electronegativity
0.87  
99+
1.79  
16
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.07  
6
2.38  
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
4,562.00 kJ/mol  
4
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
3rd Energy Level
6,910.30 kJ/mol  
6
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
4th Energy Level
9,543.00 kJ/mol  
5
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
5th Energy Level
13,354.00 kJ/mol  
4
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
16,613.00 kJ/mol  
4
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
20,117.00 kJ/mol  
4
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
25,496.00 kJ/mol  
4
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
28,932.00 kJ/mol  
4
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
141,362.00 kJ/mol  
2
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
159,076.00 kJ/mol  
2
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
15th Energy Level
49,500.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
49,500.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
17th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
4,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
496.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
495.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
496.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.86 g/amp-hr  
99+
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
Electron Work Function
2.75 eV  
99+
3.84 eV  
39
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
11  
99+
81  
35
Electron Configuration
[Ne] 3s1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
11  
99+
81  
35
Number of Neutrons
12  
99+
123  
21
Number of Electrons
11  
99+
81  
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm  
11
170.00 pm  
24
Covalent Radius
166.00 pm  
29
145.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
227.00 pm  
26
196.00 pm  
37
Atomic Weight
22.99 amu  
99+
204.38 amu  
31
Atomic Volume
23.70 cm3/mol  
14
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Beryllium
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Magnesium
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
14.10 (-eV)  
99+
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
429.06 pm  
22
345.66 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.01  
99+
1.60  
23
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
0.97 g/cm3  
99+
11.85 g/cm3  
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
0.93 g/cm3  
99+
11.22 g/cm3  
33
Tensile Strength
10.00 MPa  
99+
47.00 MPa  
39
Viscosity
0.00  
5
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
16.90 (Pa)  
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
0.00 (Pa)  
38
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
3.30 GPa  
99+
2.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
6.30 GPa  
99+
43.00 GPa  
33
Young's Modulus
10.00 GPa  
99+
8.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.45  
2
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
0.97  
99+
11.85  
35
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
6
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
28
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
47.70 nΩ·m  
99+
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.21 106/cm Ω  
9
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
Electron Affinity
52.80 kJ/mol  
24
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
Thermal
Specific Heat
1.23 J/(kg K)  
3
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
28.23 J/mol·K  
13
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
Thermal Conductivity
142.00 W/m·K  
11
46.10 W/m·K  
33
Critical Temperature
2,573.00 K  
10
577.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
71.00 µm/(m·K)  
4
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
89.04 kJ/mol  
99+
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.59 kJ/mol  
99+
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
108.40 kJ/mol  
99+
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
51.30 J/mol.K  
39
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
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