Symbol
Tl
  
Zn
  
Period Number
6
  
4
  
Block
p block
  
d block
  
Element Family
Post-Transition
  
Transition Metal
  
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
  
P63/mmc
  
Interesting Facts
- Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
- Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
- Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
- The leading producers of Zinc metal are Australia, Canada, China, U.S.A and Peru.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes
  
Indian metallurgists
  
Discovery
In 1861
  
Before 1000 BCE
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
  
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
  
Uses & Benefits
- Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
- In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
- It is mainly used for Galvanizing other metals.
- It is also used for manufacturing die-casting and it is very essential for automobile industry.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Medical Uses
Medical Research
  
Pharmaceutical Industry
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Alloys
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
  
Highly Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
Yes
  
Yes
  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
34
7.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
6
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
  
33
170.00 p.p.m.
  
6
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C
  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Silvery White
  
Silvery Gray
  
Luster
NA
  
Metallic
  
Hardness
  
  
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s
  
99+
3,850.00 m/s
  
18
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
Not Available
  
Reflectivity
Not Available
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Tl
  
Zn
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol
  
99+
906.40 kJ/mol
  
6
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol
  
14
1,733.30 kJ/mol
  
27
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol
  
32
3,833.00 kJ/mol
  
12
4th Energy Level
Not Available
  
5,731.00 kJ/mol
  
11
5th Energy Level
Not Available
  
7,970.00 kJ/mol
  
9
6th Energy Level
Not Available
  
10,400.00 kJ/mol
  
9
7th Energy level
Not Available
  
12,900.00 kJ/mol
  
9
8th Energy Level
Not Available
  
16,800.00 kJ/mol
  
6
9th Energy Level
Not Available
  
19,600.00 kJ/mol
  
8
10th Energy Level
Not Available
  
23,000.00 kJ/mol
  
10
11th Energy Level
Not Available
  
26,400.00 kJ/mol
  
11
12th Energy Level
Not Available
  
29,990.00 kJ/mol
  
11
13th Energy Level
Not Available
  
40,490.00 kJ/mol
  
5
14th Energy Level
Not Available
  
43,800.00 kJ/mol
  
6
15th Energy Level
Not Available
  
47,300.00 kJ/mol
  
8
16th Energy Level
Not Available
  
52,300.00 kJ/mol
  
9
17th Energy Level
Not Available
  
55,900.00 kJ/mol
  
10
18th Energy Level
Not Available
  
59,700.00 kJ/mol
  
11
19th Energy Level
Not Available
  
67,300.00 kJ/mol
  
10
20th Energy Level
Not Available
  
171,200.00 kJ/mol
  
1
21st Energy Level
Not Available
  
179,100.00 kJ/mol
  
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr
  
2
1.22 g/amp-hr
  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
  
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
  
[Ar] 3d10 4s2
  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zinc.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol
  
31
9.20 cm3/mol
  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)
  
99+
38.90 (-eV)
  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm
3
  
31
7.14 g/cm
3
  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3
  
13
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile
  
NA
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
  
Diamagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor
  
Conductor
  
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 10
6/cm Ω
  
32
0.17 10
6/cm Ω
  
12
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol
  
32
0.00 kJ/mol
  
40
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)
  
39
0.39 J/(kg K)
  
14
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K
  
29
25.47 J/mol·K
  
39
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K
  
33
116.00 W/m·K
  
14
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)
  
12
30.20 µm/(m·K)
  
11
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol
  
99+
7.32 kJ/mol
  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol
  
99+
7.32 kJ/mol
  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol
  
99+
129.70 kJ/mol
  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K
  
19
41.60 J/mol.K
  
36