Zinc Thallium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Zn
Tl
Group Number
12
6
13
5
Period Number
4
6
Block
d block
p block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7440666
24
7440280
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
- The leading producers of Zinc metal are Australia, Canada, China, U.S.A and Peru.
- Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
- Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Indian metallurgists
William Crookes
Discovery
Before 1000 BCE
In 1861
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-5 %
11
5 * 10-9 %
32
Abundance In Sun
~0.0002 %
10
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.02 %
12
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %
16
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
10
0.00 %
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
6
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is mainly used for Galvanizing other metals.
- It is also used for manufacturing die-casting and it is very essential for automobile industry.
- Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
- In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry
Medical Research
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
7.00 Blood/mg dm-3
6
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
34
In Bone
170.00 p.p.m.
6
0.00 p.p.m.
33
Physical Properties
Melting Point
419.58 °C
99+
303.50 °C
99+
Boiling Point
907.00 °C
99+
1,457.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Gray
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.50
14
1.20
20
Brinell Hardness
327.00 MPa
32
26.50 MPa
99+
Speed of Sound
3,850.00 m/s
18
818.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.00
2
Not Available
Reflectivity
80.00 %
5
Not Available
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Zn
Tl
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
25
14
32
7
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.65
19
1.62
21
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.23
6
2.25
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.66
7
1.44
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.65
11
1.96
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.59
22
1.79
13
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.35
35
2.38
33
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol
6
589.40 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,733.30 kJ/mol
27
1,971.00 kJ/mol
14
3rd Energy Level
3,833.00 kJ/mol
12
2,878.00 kJ/mol
32
4th Energy Level
5,731.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
5th Energy Level
7,970.00 kJ/mol
9
Not Available
6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/mol
9
Not Available
7th Energy level
12,900.00 kJ/mol
9
Not Available
8th Energy Level
16,800.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
9th Energy Level
19,600.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
10th Energy Level
23,000.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
11th Energy Level
26,400.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
12th Energy Level
29,990.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
13th Energy Level
40,490.00 kJ/mol
5
Not Available
14th Energy Level
43,800.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
15th Energy Level
47,300.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
16th Energy Level
52,300.00 kJ/mol
9
Not Available
17th Energy Level
55,900.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
18th Energy Level
59,700.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
19th Energy Level
67,300.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
20th Energy Level
171,200.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
21st Energy Level
179,100.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.22 g/amp-hr
99+
7.63 g/amp-hr
2
Electron Work Function
4.33 eV
17
3.84 eV
28
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
30
99+
81
35
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zinc.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
30
99+
81
35
Number of Neutrons
35
99+
123
20
Number of Electrons
30
99+
81
35
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm
99+
170.00 pm
22
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm
99+
145.00 pm
39
Van der Waals Radius
139.00 pm
99+
196.00 pm
30
Atomic Weight
65.38 amu
99+
204.38 amu
31
Atomic Volume
9.20 cm3/mol
99+
17.20 cm3/mol
31
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
38.90 (-eV)
99+
9.60 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
266.49 pm
99+
345.66 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.60
6
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
7.14 g/cm3
99+
11.85 g/cm3
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.57 g/cm3
37
11.22 g/cm3
13
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
16.90 (Pa)
5
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
43.00 GPa
18
2.80 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
70.00 GPa
19
43.00 GPa
28
Young's Modulus
108.00 GPa
19
8.00 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.25
24
0.45
2
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Sectile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
6.90
99+
11.85
22
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
59.00 nΩ·m
40
0.18 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.17 106/cm Ω
12
0.06 106/cm Ω
32
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol
40
19.20 kJ/mol
32
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.39 J/(kg K)
14
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
Molar Heat Capacity
25.47 J/mol·K
39
26.32 J/mol·K
29
Thermal Conductivity
116.00 W/m·K
14
46.10 W/m·K
33
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
30.20 µm/(m·K)
11
29.90 µm/(m·K)
12
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
7.32 kJ/mol
99+
162.10 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.32 kJ/mol
99+
4.27 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
129.70 kJ/mol
99+
179.90 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
41.60 J/mol.K
36
64.20 J/mol.K
19
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