Thulium vs Rhodium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm
Rh
Group Number
Not Available
9
9
Period Number
6
5
Block
f block
d block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440304
99+
7440166
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
- Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
- Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve
William Hyde Wollaston
Discovery
In 1879
In 1804
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %
30
6 * 10-8 %
26
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %
28
~0.0000002 %
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
36
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
99+
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
- Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
- Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
- It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
Industrial Uses
NA
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Unknown
NA
Present in Human Body
No
No
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C
23
1,966.00 °C
12
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C
99+
3,727.00 °C
17
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Gray
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
6.00
6
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa
25
980.00 MPa
9
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa
21
1,100.00 MPa
9
Speed of Sound
Not Available
4,700.00 m/s
15
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
Not Available
84.00 %
4
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tm
Rh
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32
7
16
23
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25
35
2.28
3
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.45
16
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.56
24
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75
19
1.72
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol
99+
719.70 kJ/mol
29
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,740.00 kJ/mol
26
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,997.00 kJ/mol
27
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol
33
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr
26
1.28 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available
4.98 eV
6
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
69
99+
45
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
[Kr] 4d8 5s1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
69
99+
45
99+
Number of Neutrons
100
32
58
99+
Number of Electrons
69
99+
45
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm
18
134.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm
30
142.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu
99+
102.91 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol
28
8.30 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)
28
64.00 (-eV)
22
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm
40
380.34 pm
27
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
17
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3
40
12.41 g/cm3
28
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3
24
10.70 g/cm3
14
Tensile Strength
Not Available
951.00 MPa
5
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)
10
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.02 (Pa)
19
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa
22
150.00 GPa
6
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa
26
275.00 GPa
5
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa
27
380.00 GPa
5
Poisson Ratio
0.21
31
0.26
22
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.32
31
12.41
20
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m
5
43.30 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.21 106/cm Ω
8
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
109.70 kJ/mol
7
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)
35
0.24 J/(kg K)
22
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K
22
24.98 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K
99+
150.00 W/m·K
9
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)
29
8.20 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol
99+
495.40 kJ/mol
12
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol
17
21.76 kJ/mol
10
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol
99+
556.50 kJ/mol
12
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K
9
31.50 J/mol.K
99+
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