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Rhodium vs Thulium

Rhodium
Thulium
Thulium vs Rhodium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Rh   
Tm   
Group Number
9   
9
Not Available   
Period Number
5   
6   
Block
d block   
f block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7440166   
99+
7440304   
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
  • Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
  
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston   
Per Teodor Cleve   
Discovery
In 1804   
In 1879   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %   
26
1 * 10-8 %   
30
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %   
25
~0.00000002 %   
28
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
36
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
  • It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
  
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
NA   
Unknown   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,966.00 °C   
12
1,545.00 °C   
23
Boiling Point
3,727.00 °C   
17
1,730.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00   
6
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
980.00 MPa   
9
471.00 MPa   
25
Vickers Hardness
1,100.00 MPa   
9
520.00 MPa   
21
Speed of Sound
4,700.00 m/s   
15
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
84.00 %   
4
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Rh   
Tm   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
16   
23
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.28   
3
1.25   
35
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.45   
16
1.11   
29
Allen Electronegativity
1.56   
24
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.72   
99+
2.75   
19
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol   
29
596.70 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,740.00 kJ/mol   
26
1,160.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,997.00 kJ/mol   
27
2,285.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
4,120.00 kJ/mol   
33
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.28 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr   
26
Electron Work Function
4.98 eV   
6
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
45   
99+
69   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d8 5s1   
[Xe] 4f13 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
45   
99+
69   
99+
Number of Neutrons
58   
99+
100   
32
Number of Electrons
45   
99+
69   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm   
99+
176.00 pm   
18
Covalent Radius
142.00 pm   
99+
160.00 pm   
30
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
Not Available   
Atomic Weight
102.91 amu   
99+
168.93 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol   
99+
18.10 cm3/mol   
28
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Ruthenium
  
Erbium
  
Next Element
Palladium
  
Ytterbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)   
22
49.70 (-eV)   
28
Lattice Constant
380.34 pm   
27
353.75 pm   
40
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.57   
17
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.41 g/cm3   
28
9.32 g/cm3   
40
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.70 g/cm3   
14
8.56 g/cm3   
24
Tensile Strength
951.00 MPa   
5
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.06 (Pa)   
10
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.02 (Pa)   
19
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
150.00 GPa   
6
30.50 GPa   
22
Bulk Modulus
275.00 GPa   
5
44.50 GPa   
26
Young's Modulus
380.00 GPa   
5
74.00 GPa   
27
Poisson Ratio
0.26   
22
0.21   
31
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.41   
20
9.32   
31
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
43.30 nΩ·m   
99+
676.00 nΩ·m   
5
Electrical Conductivity
0.21 106/cm Ω   
8
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
109.70 kJ/mol   
7
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)   
22
0.16 J/(kg K)   
35
Molar Heat Capacity
24.98 J/mol·K   
99+
27.03 J/mol·K   
22
Thermal Conductivity
150.00 W/m·K   
9
16.90 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
8.20 µm/(m·K)   
99+
13.30 µm/(m·K)   
29
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
495.40 kJ/mol   
12
191.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
21.76 kJ/mol   
10
16.80 kJ/mol   
17
Enthalpy of Atomization
556.50 kJ/mol   
12
247.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
31.50 J/mol.K   
99+
74.00 J/mol.K   
9
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