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Thulium vs Osmium

Thulium
Osmium
Osmium vs Thulium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm  
Os  
Group Number
3  
15
8  
10
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440304  
99+
7440042  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
  • Osmium metal does not oxidize in air unless it is heated.
  • But if it heated den it forms Osmium Tetroxide, which is highly toxic.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve  
Smithson Tennant  
Discovery
In 1879  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
31
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
28
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
  • Its has very limited uses and its alloys are very hard and are used in the manufacturing of pen tips, pivots, needles and electrical contacts.
  • It is also used as industrial catalyst to speed up the chemical reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C  
23
3,045.00 °C  
3
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C  
99+
5,027.00 °C  
6
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Gray  
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.25  
16
7.00  
3
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa  
30
3,490.00 MPa  
1
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa  
33
3,920.00 MPa  
1
Speed of Sound
2,760.00 m/s  
99+
4,940.00 m/s  
15
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.60  
33
2.07  
12
Reflectivity
35.00 %  
34
80.00 %  
7
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Tm  
Os  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
35  
4
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25  
36
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.25  
28
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.52  
13
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.25  
35
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.25  
99+
1.65  
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75  
19
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
12
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,309.80 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
6th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
30
7th Energy level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
25
8th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
25
9th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,280.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
26
11th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
23
12th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
18
14th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
35
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
84,000.00 kJ/mol  
12
16th Energy Level
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
36
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
29
18th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
18
19th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
27
20th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
19
21st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
39
22nd Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
15
23rd Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
11
25th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
9
26th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
9
27th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
713.30 kJ/mol  
24
28th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
840.10 kJ/mol  
13
29th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
13
30th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
9
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr  
30
1.77 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
2.40 eV  
99+
4.83 eV  
13
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
69  
99+
76  
40
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
69  
99+
76  
39
Number of Neutrons
100  
33
114  
26
Number of Electrons
69  
99+
76  
39
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm  
20
133.80 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm  
32
128.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
227.00 pm  
26
216.00 pm  
30
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu  
99+
190.23 amu  
35
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol  
40
8.49 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Erbium
  
Rhenium
  
Next Element
Ytterbium
  
Iridium
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)  
29
91.40 (-eV)  
12
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm  
99+
273.44 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
40
1.58  
37
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3  
99+
22.59 g/cm3  
9
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3  
99+
20.00 g/cm3  
11
Tensile Strength
69.00 MPa  
32
1,000.00 MPa  
4
Viscosity
0.00  
19
0.00  
3
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)  
10
0.00 (Pa)  
16
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
39
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa  
26
222.00 GPa  
1
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa  
30
462.00 GPa  
1
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa  
29
528.00 GPa  
1
Poisson Ratio
0.21  
32
0.25  
24
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32  
99+
22.57  
11
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
17
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m  
5
81.20 nΩ·m  
35
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.11 106/cm Ω  
21
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
106.10 kJ/mol  
10
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)  
36
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K  
28
24.70 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K  
99+
87.60 W/m·K  
19
Critical Temperature
1,818.00 K  
27
3,300.00 K  
3
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)  
35
5.10 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol  
17
29.30 kJ/mol  
4
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol  
99+
669.00 kJ/mol  
6
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K  
9
32.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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