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Osmium vs Holmium

Osmium
Holmium
Holmium vs Osmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Os  
Ho  
Group Number
8  
10
3  
15
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440042  
99+
7440600  
29
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Osmium metal does not oxidize in air unless it is heated.
  • But if it heated den it forms Osmium Tetroxide, which is highly toxic.
  
  • Holmium metal is very soft and malleable.
  • Holmium metal is well known for its corrosion resistivity.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Smithson Tennant  
Marc Delafontaine  
Discovery
In 1803  
In 1878  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
25
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
28
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its has very limited uses and its alloys are very hard and are used in the manufacturing of pen tips, pivots, needles and electrical contacts.
  • It is also used as industrial catalyst to speed up the chemical reaction.
  
  • Holmium metal has an ability to absorb neutrons, so this metal is used in nuclear reactors to keep the chain reactions of elements under control.
  • Alloys of Holmium are used to produce Magnet.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Nuclear Research  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
3,045.00 °C  
3
1,461.00 °C  
30
Boiling Point
5,027.00 °C  
6
2,600.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
7.00  
3
4.00  
11
Brinell Hardness
3,490.00 MPa  
1
746.00 MPa  
14
Vickers Hardness
3,920.00 MPa  
1
481.00 MPa  
36
Speed of Sound
4,940.00 m/s  
15
2,760.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.07  
12
1.67  
29
Reflectivity
80.00 %  
7
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Os  
Ho  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35  
4
34  
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
1.23  
38
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
1.23  
30
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.52  
13
1.10  
31
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
1.23  
37
Allen Electronegativity
1.65  
22
1.23  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
2.77  
17
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
12
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,309.80 kJ/mol  
99+
1,140.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,204.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
30
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
25
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
25
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,280.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,500.00 kJ/mol  
39
10th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
26
6,500.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
23
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
18
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
40
15th Energy Level
84,000.00 kJ/mol  
12
58,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
29
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
18
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
27
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
19
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
39
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
15
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
20
24th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
11
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
9
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
9
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
713.30 kJ/mol  
24
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
840.10 kJ/mol  
13
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
13
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
9
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.77 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.02 g/amp-hr  
33
Electron Work Function
4.83 eV  
13
4.90 eV  
12
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
76  
40
67  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2  
[Xe] 4f11 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Holmium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
76  
39
67  
99+
Number of Neutrons
114  
26
98  
35
Number of Electrons
76  
39
67  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
133.80 pm  
99+
176.00 pm  
20
Covalent Radius
128.00 pm  
99+
192.00 pm  
17
Van der Waals Radius
216.00 pm  
30
216.00 pm  
30
Atomic Weight
190.23 amu  
35
164.93 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.49 cm3/mol  
99+
18.70 cm3/mol  
36
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rhenium
  
Dysprosium
  
Next Element
Iridium
  
Erbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
91.40 (-eV)  
12
47.90 (-eV)  
32
Lattice Constant
273.44 pm  
99+
357.73 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
37
1.57  
40
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
22.59 g/cm3  
9
8.79 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
20.00 g/cm3  
11
8.34 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
1,000.00 MPa  
4
270.00 MPa  
17
Viscosity
0.00  
3
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
16
0.00 (Pa)  
17
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
39
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
222.00 GPa  
1
26.30 GPa  
35
Bulk Modulus
462.00 GPa  
1
40.20 GPa  
37
Young's Modulus
528.00 GPa  
1
64.80 GPa  
33
Poisson Ratio
0.25  
24
0.23  
29
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
22.57  
11
8.80  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
7
Susceptibility
0.00  
17
0.00  
11
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
81.20 nΩ·m  
35
814.00 nΩ·m  
4
Electrical Conductivity
0.11 106/cm Ω  
21
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
106.10 kJ/mol  
10
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.16 J/(kg K)  
36
Molar Heat Capacity
24.70 J/mol·K  
99+
27.15 J/mol·K  
25
Thermal Conductivity
87.60 W/m·K  
19
16.20 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
3,300.00 K  
3
1,747.00 K  
34
Thermal Expansion
5.10 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
627.60 kJ/mol  
8
241.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
29.30 kJ/mol  
4
11.76 kJ/mol  
35
Enthalpy of Atomization
669.00 kJ/mol  
6
301.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
32.60 J/mol.K  
99+
75.30 J/mol.K  
8
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