Zinc Cadmium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Zn
Cd
Group Number
12
6
12
6
Period Number
4
5
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440666
24
7440439
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
- The leading producers of Zinc metal are Australia, Canada, China, U.S.A and Peru.
- Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
- Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
- It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
- It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Indian metallurgists
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer
Discovery
Before 1000 BCE
In 1817
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-5 %
11
2 * 10-7 %
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0002 %
10
~0.0000006 %
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.02 %
12
0.00 %
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %
16
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
10
0.00 %
28
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
6
0.00 %
11
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is mainly used for Galvanizing other metals.
- It is also used for manufacturing die-casting and it is very essential for automobile industry.
- It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
- Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
7.00 Blood/mg dm-3
6
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
24
In Bone
170.00 p.p.m.
6
1.80 p.p.m.
15
Physical Properties
Melting Point
419.58 °C
99+
320.90 °C
99+
Boiling Point
907.00 °C
99+
765.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Gray
Silvery Bluish-Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.50
14
2.00
16
Brinell Hardness
327.00 MPa
32
203.00 MPa
39
Speed of Sound
3,850.00 m/s
18
2,310.00 m/s
39
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.00
2
Not Available
Reflectivity
80.00 %
5
67.00 %
11
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Zn
Cd
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
25
14
34
5
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.65
19
1.69
17
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.23
6
1.98
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.66
7
1.46
15
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.65
11
1.53
13
Allen Electronegativity
1.59
22
1.52
27
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.35
35
2.31
37
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol
6
867.80 kJ/mol
11
2nd Energy Level
1,733.30 kJ/mol
27
1,631.40 kJ/mol
32
3rd Energy Level
3,833.00 kJ/mol
12
3,616.00 kJ/mol
13
4th Energy Level
5,731.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
5th Energy Level
7,970.00 kJ/mol
9
Not Available
6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/mol
9
Not Available
7th Energy level
12,900.00 kJ/mol
9
Not Available
8th Energy Level
16,800.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
9th Energy Level
19,600.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
10th Energy Level
23,000.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
11th Energy Level
26,400.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
12th Energy Level
29,990.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
13th Energy Level
40,490.00 kJ/mol
5
Not Available
14th Energy Level
43,800.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
15th Energy Level
47,300.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
16th Energy Level
52,300.00 kJ/mol
9
Not Available
17th Energy Level
55,900.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
18th Energy Level
59,700.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
19th Energy Level
67,300.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
20th Energy Level
171,200.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
21st Energy Level
179,100.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.22 g/amp-hr
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr
27
Electron Work Function
4.33 eV
17
4.22 eV
22
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
30
99+
48
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2
[Kr] 4d10 5s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zinc.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
30
99+
48
99+
Number of Neutrons
35
99+
64
99+
Number of Electrons
30
99+
48
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm
99+
151.00 pm
32
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm
99+
144.00 pm
40
Van der Waals Radius
139.00 pm
99+
158.00 pm
99+
Atomic Weight
65.38 amu
99+
112.41 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
9.20 cm3/mol
99+
13.10 cm3/mol
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
38.90 (-eV)
99+
30.00 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
266.49 pm
99+
297.94 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.89
1
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
7.14 g/cm3
99+
8.65 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.57 g/cm3
37
8.00 g/cm3
28
Tensile Strength
Not Available
62.00 MPa
16
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
43.00 GPa
18
19.00 GPa
35
Bulk Modulus
70.00 GPa
19
42.00 GPa
29
Young's Modulus
108.00 GPa
19
50.00 GPa
36
Poisson Ratio
0.25
24
0.30
14
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
6.90
99+
8.65
36
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Semiconductor
Resistivity
59.00 nΩ·m
40
72.70 nΩ·m
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.17 106/cm Ω
12
0.14 106/cm Ω
15
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol
40
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.39 J/(kg K)
14
0.23 J/(kg K)
26
Molar Heat Capacity
25.47 J/mol·K
39
26.02 J/mol·K
32
Thermal Conductivity
116.00 W/m·K
14
96.60 W/m·K
16
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
30.20 µm/(m·K)
11
30.80 µm/(m·K)
10
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
7.32 kJ/mol
99+
100.00 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.32 kJ/mol
99+
6.19 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
129.70 kJ/mol
99+
113.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
41.60 J/mol.K
36
51.80 J/mol.K
27
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