Symbol
Zn
  
Cf
  
Group Number
Not Available
  
Period Number
4
  
7
  
Block
d block
  
f block
  
Element Family
Transition Metal
  
Actinide
  
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
  
P63/mmc
  
Interesting Facts
- Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
- The leading producers of Zinc metal are Australia, Canada, China, U.S.A and Peru.
  
- Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
- Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Indian metallurgists
  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
  
Discovery
Before 1000 BCE
  
In 1950
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available
  
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %
  
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available
  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available
  
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
  
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
  
Uses & Benefits
- It is mainly used for Galvanizing other metals.
- It is also used for manufacturing die-casting and it is very essential for automobile industry.
  
- Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
-
It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Chemical Industry
  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry
  
NA
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Alloys, Nuclear Research
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
  
Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
Yes
  
No
  
In Blood
7.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
6
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
37
In Bone
170.00 p.p.m.
  
6
0.00 p.p.m.
  
36
Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C
  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Silvery Gray
  
Silver
  
Luster
Metallic
  
NA
  
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
  
Speed of Sound
3,850.00 m/s
  
18
Not Available
  
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
Not Available
  
Reflectivity
Not Available
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Zn
  
Cf
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol
  
6
608.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,733.30 kJ/mol
  
27
1,206.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,833.00 kJ/mol
  
12
2,267.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,731.00 kJ/mol
  
11
3,599.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,970.00 kJ/mol
  
9
Not Available
  
6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/mol
  
9
Not Available
  
7th Energy level
12,900.00 kJ/mol
  
9
Not Available
  
8th Energy Level
16,800.00 kJ/mol
  
6
Not Available
  
9th Energy Level
19,600.00 kJ/mol
  
8
Not Available
  
10th Energy Level
23,000.00 kJ/mol
  
10
Not Available
  
11th Energy Level
26,400.00 kJ/mol
  
11
Not Available
  
12th Energy Level
29,990.00 kJ/mol
  
11
Not Available
  
13th Energy Level
40,490.00 kJ/mol
  
5
Not Available
  
14th Energy Level
43,800.00 kJ/mol
  
6
Not Available
  
15th Energy Level
47,300.00 kJ/mol
  
8
Not Available
  
16th Energy Level
52,300.00 kJ/mol
  
9
Not Available
  
17th Energy Level
55,900.00 kJ/mol
  
10
Not Available
  
18th Energy Level
59,700.00 kJ/mol
  
11
Not Available
  
19th Energy Level
67,300.00 kJ/mol
  
10
Not Available
  
20th Energy Level
171,200.00 kJ/mol
  
1
Not Available
  
21st Energy Level
179,100.00 kJ/mol
  
1
Not Available
  
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.22 g/amp-hr
  
99+
3.12 g/amp-hr
  
15
Electron Work Function
Not Available
  
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
  
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2
  
[Rn] 5f10 7s2
  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zinc.jpg#100
  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Covalent Radius
Not Available
  
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
  
Atomic Volume
9.20 cm3/mol
  
99+
Not Available
  
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
38.90 (-eV)
  
99+
44.50 (-eV)
  
38
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.14 g/cm3
  
99+
15.10 g/cm3
  
21
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
  
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available
  
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
  
Young's Modulus
Not Available
  
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
  
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
  
Malleable, Sectile
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
  
Paramagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor
  
Unknown
  
Resistivity
Not Available
  
Electrical Conductivity
0.17 10
6/cm Ω
  
12
Not Available
  
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol
  
40
Not Available
  
Specific Heat
0.39 J/(kg K)
  
14
Not Available
  
Molar Heat Capacity
25.47 J/mol·K
  
39
Not Available
  
Thermal Conductivity
116.00 W/m·K
  
14
Not Available
  
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
30.20 µm/(m·K)
  
11
Not Available
  
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
7.32 kJ/mol
  
99+
Not Available
  
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.32 kJ/mol
  
99+
Not Available
  
Enthalpy of Atomization
129.70 kJ/mol
  
99+
Not Available
  
Standard Molar Entropy
41.60 J/mol.K
  
36
Not Available