Zinc vs Rhodium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Zn
Rh
Group Number
12
6
9
9
Period Number
4
5
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440666
24
7440166
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
- The leading producers of Zinc metal are Australia, Canada, China, U.S.A and Peru.
- Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
- Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Indian metallurgists
William Hyde Wollaston
Discovery
Before 1000 BCE
In 1804
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-5 %
11
6 * 10-8 %
26
Abundance In Sun
~0.0002 %
10
~0.0000002 %
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.02 %
12
0.00 %
36
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %
16
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
10
Not Available
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
6
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is mainly used for Galvanizing other metals.
- It is also used for manufacturing die-casting and it is very essential for automobile industry.
- Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
- It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
NA
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
7.00 Blood/mg dm-3
6
Not Available
In Bone
170.00 p.p.m.
6
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
419.58 °C
99+
1,966.00 °C
12
Boiling Point
907.00 °C
99+
3,727.00 °C
17
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Gray
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.50
14
6.00
6
Brinell Hardness
327.00 MPa
32
980.00 MPa
9
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
1,100.00 MPa
9
Speed of Sound
3,850.00 m/s
18
4,700.00 m/s
15
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.00
2
Not Available
Reflectivity
80.00 %
5
84.00 %
4
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Zn
Rh
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
25
14
16
23
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.65
19
2.28
3
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.23
6
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.66
7
1.45
16
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.65
11
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.59
22
1.56
24
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.35
35
1.72
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol
6
719.70 kJ/mol
29
2nd Energy Level
1,733.30 kJ/mol
27
1,740.00 kJ/mol
26
3rd Energy Level
3,833.00 kJ/mol
12
2,997.00 kJ/mol
27
4th Energy Level
5,731.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
5th Energy Level
7,970.00 kJ/mol
9
Not Available
6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/mol
9
Not Available
7th Energy level
12,900.00 kJ/mol
9
Not Available
8th Energy Level
16,800.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
9th Energy Level
19,600.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
10th Energy Level
23,000.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
11th Energy Level
26,400.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
12th Energy Level
29,990.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
13th Energy Level
40,490.00 kJ/mol
5
Not Available
14th Energy Level
43,800.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
15th Energy Level
47,300.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
16th Energy Level
52,300.00 kJ/mol
9
Not Available
17th Energy Level
55,900.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
18th Energy Level
59,700.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
19th Energy Level
67,300.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
20th Energy Level
171,200.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
21st Energy Level
179,100.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.22 g/amp-hr
99+
1.28 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.33 eV
17
4.98 eV
6
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
30
99+
45
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2
[Kr] 4d8 5s1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zinc.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
30
99+
45
99+
Number of Neutrons
35
99+
58
99+
Number of Electrons
30
99+
45
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm
99+
134.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm
99+
142.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
139.00 pm
99+
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
65.38 amu
99+
102.91 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
9.20 cm3/mol
99+
8.30 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
38.90 (-eV)
99+
64.00 (-eV)
22
Lattice Constant
266.49 pm
99+
380.34 pm
27
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
7.14 g/cm3
99+
12.41 g/cm3
28
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.57 g/cm3
37
10.70 g/cm3
14
Tensile Strength
Not Available
951.00 MPa
5
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.02 (Pa)
19
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
43.00 GPa
18
150.00 GPa
6
Bulk Modulus
70.00 GPa
19
275.00 GPa
5
Young's Modulus
108.00 GPa
19
380.00 GPa
5
Poisson Ratio
0.25
24
0.26
22
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
6.90
99+
12.41
20
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
59.00 nΩ·m
40
43.30 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.17 106/cm Ω
12
0.21 106/cm Ω
8
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol
40
109.70 kJ/mol
7
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.39 J/(kg K)
14
0.24 J/(kg K)
22
Molar Heat Capacity
25.47 J/mol·K
39
24.98 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
116.00 W/m·K
14
150.00 W/m·K
9
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
30.20 µm/(m·K)
11
8.20 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
7.32 kJ/mol
99+
495.40 kJ/mol
12
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.32 kJ/mol
99+
21.76 kJ/mol
10
Enthalpy of Atomization
129.70 kJ/mol
99+
556.50 kJ/mol
12
Standard Molar Entropy
41.60 J/mol.K
36
31.50 J/mol.K
99+
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