Barium

Cerium

Barium Cerium Comparison

Barium

Cerium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

2NA

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

s block

f block

1.5 Element Family

Alkaline Earth

Lanthanide

1.6 CAS Number

74403937440451

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

Im_ 3m

P63/mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

229.00194.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Barium oxidizes very easily in the air.

All toxic compounds of Barium can easily dissolve in water.

Barium carbonate is used to produce a Rat poison and its other compound Barium nitrate is used in fireworks to produce green color.

Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.

It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.

Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.

2.2 Sources

Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals

Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Carl Wilhelm Scheele

Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1772

In 1803

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

1 * 10^-6 %1 * 10^-6 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.000001 %~0.0000004 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 %0.00 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.03 %0.01 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

0.00 %NA

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

It is sued in chemical paint manufacturing and glass manufacturing.
Compounds of this metal are toxic; but still the barium sulfate is insoluble and given to patients suffering from digestive disorder.

It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.

Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

Chemical Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Medical Research

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Low Toxic

Moderately Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

0.07 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

70.00 p.p.m.2.70 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

725.00 °C795.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

1,140.00 °C3,257.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silvery Gray

Silvery White

4.3.3 Luster

Lustrous

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

1.252.50

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

NA186.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

NA210.00 MPa

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

1,620.00 m/s2,100.00 m/s

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

NANA

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

3730

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

0.891.12

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

0.68NA

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

0.971.08

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

0.88NA

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

0.88NA

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

3.112.88

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

502.90 kJ/mol534.40 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

965.20 kJ/mol1,050.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

3,600.00 kJ/mol1,949.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

NA3,547.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

NA6,325.00 kJ/mol

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

NA7,490.00 kJ/mol

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

NANA

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

NANA

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

NANA

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

NANA

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

NANA

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

NANA

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

NANA

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

NANA

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

NANA

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

NANA

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

NANA

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

NANA

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

NANA

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

2.56 g/amp-hr1.74 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

2.70 eV2.84 eV

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility

Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

5658

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Xe] 6s²

[Xe] 4f¹ 5d¹ 6s²

6.3 Crystal Structure

Body Centered Cubic (BCC)

Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

5658

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

8182

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

5658

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

222.00 pm181.80 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

215.00 pm204.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

268.00 pm235.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

137.33 amu140.12 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

39.24 cm3/mol20.67 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

21.30 (-eV)41.78 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

502.80 pm362.00 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

3.51 g/cm³6.77 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

3.34 g/cm36.55 g/cm3

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

NANA

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

7.11 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NA1.04 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

4.90 GPa13.50 GPa

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

9.60 GPa21.50 GPa

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

13.00 GPa33.60 GPa

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

NA0.24

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Malleable

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

3.626.77

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

1.3 Electrical Properties

1.3.1 Electrical Property

Superconductor

Conductor

1.3.2 Resistivity

332.00 nΩ·m828.00 nΩ·m

0.18 961

1.5.1 Electrical Conductivity

0.03 10⁶/cm Ω0.01 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

1.9.1 Electron Affinity

13.95 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol

0 222.8

3 Thermal

3.1 Specific Heat

0.20 J/(kg K)0.19 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

3.2 Molar Heat Capacity

28.07 J/mol·K26.94 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

3.3 Thermal Conductivity

18.40 W/m·K11.30 W/m·K

6.3 429

3.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

3.5 Thermal Expansion

20.60 µm/(m·K)6.30 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

4.3 Enthalpy

4.3.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

140.00 kJ/mol414.00 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

4.3.3 Enthalpy of Fusion

7.66 kJ/mol5.46 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

5.1.1 Enthalpy of Atomization

175.70 kJ/mol381.00 kJ/mol

61.5 837

5.3 Standard Molar Entropy

62.50 J/mol.K72.00 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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