1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.7 Period Number
1.8 Block
1.9 Element Family
Alkaline Earth
Lanthanide
1.10 CAS Number
74403937440451
7429905
54386242
2.6 Space Group Name
2.7 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- Barium oxidizes very easily in the air.
- All toxic compounds of Barium can easily dissolve in water.
- Barium carbonate is used to produce a Rat poison and its other compound Barium nitrate is used in fireworks to produce green color.
- Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
- It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
- Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
3.2 Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Carl Wilhelm Scheele
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
3.3.2 Discovery
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %1 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
4.2.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.000001 %~0.0000004 %
1E-08
0.1
4.3.2 Abundance In Meteorites
4.3.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
5.2.4 Abundance In Oceans
5.2.7 Abundance In Humans
7 Uses
7.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is sued in chemical paint manufacturing and glass manufacturing.
-
Compounds of this metal are toxic; but still the barium sulfate is insoluble and given to patients suffering from digestive disorder.
- It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
- Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
7.1.1 Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
7.1.2 Medical Uses
7.1.3 Other Uses
7.2 Biological Properties
7.2.1 Toxicity
Low Toxic
Moderately Toxic
7.2.2 Present in Human Body
7.2.3 In Blood
0.07 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
7.3.1 In Bone
70.00 p.p.m.2.70 p.p.m.
0
170000
8 Physical
8.1 Melting Point
725.00 °C795.00 °C
27
3410
8.5 Boiling Point
1,140.00 °C3,257.00 °C
147
5660
8.7 Appearance
8.7.1 Physical State
8.7.2 Color
Silvery Gray
Silvery White
8.7.3 Luster
8.8 Hardness
8.8.1 Mohs Hardness
8.8.4 Brinell Hardness
8.9.1 Vickers Hardness
9.3 Speed of Sound
1,620.00 m/s2,100.00 m/s
818
16200
9.5 Optical Properties
9.5.1 Refractive Index
9.5.5 Reflectivity
9.6 Allotropes
9.6.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
9.6.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
9.6.4 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
10 Chemical
10.1 Chemical Formula
10.2 Isotopes
10.2.1 Known Isotopes
10.3 Electronegativity
10.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
10.4.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
1.0.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.2.3 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.3.1 Allen Electronegativity
1.5 Electropositivity
1.5.1 Pauling Electropositivity
1.7 Ionization Energies
1.7.1 1st Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol534.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
1.9.2 2nd Energy Level
965.20 kJ/mol1,050.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
1.11.2 3rd Energy Level
3,600.00 kJ/mol1,949.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
1.11.6 4th Energy Level
NA3,547.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
1.2.2 5th Energy Level
NA6,325.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
1.3.2 6th Energy Level
NA7,490.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
1.7.1 7th Energy level
2.15.2 8th Energy Level
2.17.1 9th Energy Level
3.4.3 10th Energy Level
3.4.8 11th Energy Level
4.2.7 12th Energy Level
1.5.1 13th Energy Level
2.5.1 14th Energy Level
1.1.1 15th Energy Level
3.3.3 16th Energy Level
5.9.1 17th Energy Level
5.17.2 18th Energy Level
5.17.4 19th Energy Level
6.4.2 20th Energy Level
6.4.6 21st Energy Level
6.6.5 22nd Energy Level
6.6.8 23rd Energy Level
6.10.2 24th Energy Level
7.3.2 25th Energy Level
8.4.1 26th Energy Level
8.4.5 27th Energy Level
9.1.1 28th Energy Level
9.4.5 29th Energy Level
9.6.2 30th Energy Level
10.5 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.56 g/amp-hr1.74 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
10.11 Electron Work Function
11.3 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
12 Atomic
12.1 Atomic Number
14.3 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 6s2
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
14.4 Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
14.4.1 Crystal Lattice
14.5 Atom
14.5.1 Number of Protons
15.7.2 Number of Neutrons
15.9.2 Number of Electrons
16.4 Radius of an Atom
16.4.1 Atomic Radius
222.00 pm181.80 pm
112
265
16.4.5 Covalent Radius
215.00 pm204.00 pm
96
260
16.5.2 Van der Waals Radius
268.00 pm235.00 pm
139
348
16.7 Atomic Weight
137.33 amu140.12 amu
6.94
294
17.4 Atomic Volume
39.24 cm3/mol20.67 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
17.6 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
17.6.1 Previous Element
17.6.2 Next Element
17.7 Valence Electron Potential
21.30 (-eV)41.78 (-eV)
8
392.42
17.9 Lattice Constant
502.80 pm362.00 pm
228.58
891.25
17.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
17.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
19 Mechanical
19.1 Density
19.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
3.51 g/cm36.77 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
19.1.10 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
3.34 g/cm36.55 g/cm3
0.512
20
20.3 Tensile Strength
20.6 Viscosity
20.7 Vapor Pressure
20.7.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.11 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
20.9.3 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
21.3 Elasticity properties
21.3.1 Shear Modulus
4.90 GPa13.50 GPa
1.3
222
21.8.2 Bulk Modulus
9.60 GPa21.50 GPa
1.6
462
22.2.2 Young's Modulus
13.00 GPa33.60 GPa
1.7
528
22.5 Poisson Ratio
22.8 Other Mechanical Properties
23 Magnetic
23.1 Magnetic Characteristics
23.1.1 Specific Gravity
23.2.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
23.2.4 Permeability
23.3.3 Susceptibility
23.6 Electrical Properties
23.6.1 Electrical Property
23.6.2 Resistivity
332.00 nΩ·m828.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
23.7.1 Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
23.10.2 Electron Affinity
13.95 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
24 Thermal
24.1 Specific Heat
0.20 J/(kg K)0.19 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
24.5 Molar Heat Capacity
28.07 J/mol·K26.94 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
1.3 Thermal Conductivity
18.40 W/m·K11.30 W/m·K
6.3
429
2.2 Critical Temperature
2.6 Thermal Expansion
20.60 µm/(m·K)6.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
2.13 Enthalpy
2.13.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
140.00 kJ/mol414.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
2.14.5 Enthalpy of Fusion
7.66 kJ/mol5.46 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
1.3.2 Enthalpy of Atomization
175.70 kJ/mol381.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
1.6 Standard Molar Entropy
62.50 J/mol.K72.00 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1