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Barium vs Scandium

Barium
Scandium
Scandium vs Barium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ba  
Sc  
Group Number
2  
16
3  
15
Period Number
6  
4  
Block
s block  
d block  
Element Family
Alkaline Earth  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440393  
99+
7440202  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Barium oxidizes very easily in the air.
  • All toxic compounds of Barium can easily dissolve in water.
  • Barium carbonate is used to produce a Rat poison and its other compound Barium nitrate is used in fireworks to produce green color.
  
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Wilhelm Scheele  
Lars Fredrik Nilson  
Discovery
In 1772  
In 1879  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
18
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.03 %  
11
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
32
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
13
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is sued in chemical paint manufacturing and glass manufacturing.
  • Compounds of this metal are toxic; but still the barium sulfate is insoluble and given to patients suffering from digestive disorder.
  
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.07 Blood/mg dm-3  
15
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
22
In Bone
70.00 p.p.m.  
9
0.00 p.p.m.  
39
Physical
Melting Point
725.00 °C  
99+
1,539.00 °C  
24
Boiling Point
1,140.00 °C  
99+
2,832.00 °C  
36
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.25  
20
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
130.00 MPa  
99+
750.00 MPa  
13
Vickers Hardness
210.00 MPa  
99+
1,200.00 MPa  
13
Speed of Sound
1,620.00 m/s  
99+
6,100.00 m/s  
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.47  
38
1.80  
21
Reflectivity
65.00 %  
18
93.00 %  
3
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ba  
Sc  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
37  
2
13  
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.89  
99+
1.36  
30
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.68  
99+
1.02  
40
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.97  
39
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.88  
99+
1.36  
31
Allen Electronegativity
0.88  
99+
1.19  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.11  
4
2.64  
25
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
965.20 kJ/mol  
99+
1,235.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,600.00 kJ/mol  
14
2,388.60 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol  
99+
7,090.60 kJ/mol  
13
5th Energy Level
5,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,843.00 kJ/mol  
7
6th Energy Level
5,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10,679.00 kJ/mol  
13
7th Energy level
5,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13,310.00 kJ/mol  
8
8th Energy Level
5,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15,250.00 kJ/mol  
11
9th Energy Level
5,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17,370.00 kJ/mol  
14
10th Energy Level
5,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21,726.00 kJ/mol  
13
11th Energy Level
5,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24,102.00 kJ/mol  
16
12th Energy Level
5,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
66,320.00 kJ/mol  
7
13th Energy Level
5,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
73,010.00 kJ/mol  
2
14th Energy Level
5,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
80,160.00 kJ/mol  
3
15th Energy Level
50,200.00 kJ/mol  
99+
89,490.00 kJ/mol  
6
16th Energy Level
50,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
97,400.00 kJ/mol  
5
17th Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol  
99+
105,600.00 kJ/mol  
6
18th Energy Level
5,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
117,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
19th Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol  
99+
124,270.00 kJ/mol  
8
20th Energy Level
502.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
502.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.00 kJ/mol  
35
23rd Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
37
25th Energy Level
503.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.00 kJ/mol  
39
26th Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
38
27th Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
40
28th Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
503.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.56 g/amp-hr  
24
0.56 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
2.70 eV  
99+
3.50 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
56  
99+
21  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 6s2  
[Ar] 3d1 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
56  
99+
21  
99+
Number of Neutrons
81  
99+
24  
99+
Number of Electrons
56  
99+
21  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
222.00 pm  
5
162.00 pm  
28
Covalent Radius
215.00 pm  
5
170.00 pm  
27
Van der Waals Radius
268.00 pm  
8
211.00 pm  
32
Atomic Weight
137.33 amu  
99+
44.96 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
39.24 cm3/mol  
6
15.00 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Cesium
  
Calcium
  
Next Element
Lanthanum
  
Titanium
  
Valence Electron Potential
21.30 (-eV)  
99+
58.00 (-eV)  
25
Lattice Constant
502.80 pm  
17
330.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
99+
1.59  
24
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
3.51 g/cm3  
99+
2.99 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
3.34 g/cm3  
99+
2.80 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
55.00 MPa  
37
150.00 MPa  
25
Viscosity
0.00  
2
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.11 (Pa)  
6
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
91.30 (Pa)  
3
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
4.90 GPa  
99+
29.10 GPa  
28
Bulk Modulus
9.60 GPa  
99+
56.60 GPa  
22
Young's Modulus
13.00 GPa  
99+
74.40 GPa  
28
Poisson Ratio
0.22  
31
0.28  
18
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
3.62  
99+
2.99  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
8
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
332.00 nΩ·m  
13
562.00 nΩ·m  
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
13.95 kJ/mol  
99+
18.10 kJ/mol  
39
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.20 J/(kg K)  
31
0.60 J/(kg K)  
8
Molar Heat Capacity
28.07 J/mol·K  
15
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
18.40 W/m·K  
99+
15.80 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,000.00 K  
99+
1,814.00 K  
28
Thermal Expansion
20.60 µm/(m·K)  
24
10.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
140.00 kJ/mol  
99+
314.20 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.66 kJ/mol  
99+
14.10 kJ/mol  
29
Enthalpy of Atomization
175.70 kJ/mol  
99+
343.00 kJ/mol  
38
Standard Molar Entropy
62.50 J/mol.K  
25
34.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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