Bismuth Ruthenium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Bi
Ru
Group Number
15
3
8
10
Period Number
6
5
Block
p block
d block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440699
22
7440188
99+
Space Group Name
C12/m1
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
12.00
12
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Bismuth metal is soluble and reacts with concentrated nitric acid.
- It oxides are used as a yellow pigment in paint. Bismuth chloride oxide BiClO gives a pearly texture to cosmetics.
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Claude François Geoffroy
Karl Ernst Claus
Discovery
In 1753
In 1844
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %
25
4 * 10-7 %
20
Abundance In Sun
~0.000006 %
14
~0.0000005 %
22
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
24
0.00 %
38
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Tin and bismuth alloys have a very low melting point and hence it is used in fire detector and the fire extinguishers. It also used in electric solders and fuses.
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry
Medical Research
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.02 Blood/mg dm-3
20
Not Available
In Bone
0.20 p.p.m.
22
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
271.30 °C
99+
2,250.00 °C
8
Boiling Point
1,560.00 °C
99+
3,900.00 °C
14
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.25
15
6.50
5
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa
99+
2,160.00 MPa
3
Speed of Sound
1,790.00 m/s
99+
5,970.00 m/s
4
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Bi
Ru
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
33
6
26
13
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.02
6
2.20
4
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.34
3
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.67
6
1.42
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.15
4
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
2.01
4
1.54
25
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.98
99+
1.80
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol
35
710.20 kJ/mol
32
2nd Energy Level
1,610.00 kJ/mol
33
710.22 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,466.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,747.00 kJ/mol
37
4th Energy Level
4,370.00 kJ/mol
28
Not Available
5th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol
30
Not Available
6th Energy Level
8,520.00 kJ/mol
19
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.60 g/amp-hr
19
1.26 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV
22
4.71 eV
9
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
83
33
44
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Bismuth.jpg#100
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
83
33
44
99+
Number of Neutrons
126
18
57
99+
Number of Electrons
83
33
44
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
156.00 pm
29
134.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
148.00 pm
36
146.00 pm
38
Van der Waals Radius
207.00 pm
26
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
208.98 amu
29
101.07 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
21.30 cm3/mol
14
8.30 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
41.90 (-eV)
99+
64.00 (-eV)
22
Lattice Constant
667.40 pm
2
270.59 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
NA
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.58
11
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.78 g/cm3
39
12.45 g/cm3
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.05 g/cm3
18
10.65 g/cm3
16
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
23
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
12.00 GPa
99+
173.00 GPa
4
Bulk Modulus
31.00 GPa
38
220.00 GPa
7
Young's Modulus
32.00 GPa
99+
447.00 GPa
3
Poisson Ratio
0.33
11
0.30
14
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.79
30
12.45
19
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m
6
Not Available
Susceptibility
0.00
6
Not Available
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Semiconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
1.29 nΩ·m
99+
71.00 nΩ·m
38
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω
16
Electron Affinity
91.20 kJ/mol
11
101.30 kJ/mol
10
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
0.24 J/(kg K)
24
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K
37
24.06 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
7.97 W/m·K
99+
117.00 W/m·K
13
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)
28
6.40 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
151.00 kJ/mol
99+
567.80 kJ/mol
10
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.90 kJ/mol
33
25.50 kJ/mol
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
207.10 kJ/mol
99+
603.00 kJ/mol
9
Standard Molar Entropy
56.70 J/mol.K
24
28.50 J/mol.K
99+
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