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Bismuth vs Ruthenium

Bismuth
Ruthenium
Ruthenium vs Bismuth


Periodic Table
Symbol
Bi  
Ru  
Group Number
15  
3
8  
10
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440699  
22
7440188  
99+
Space Group Name
C12/m1  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
12.00  
15
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Bismuth metal is soluble and reacts with concentrated nitric acid.
  • It oxides are used as a yellow pigment in paint. Bismuth chloride oxide BiClO gives a pearly texture to cosmetics.
  
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Claude François Geoffroy  
Karl Ernst Claus  
Discovery
In 1753  
In 1844  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
14
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Tin and bismuth alloys have a very low melting point and hence it is used in fire detector and the fire extinguishers. It also used in electric solders and fuses.
  
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.02 Blood/mg dm-3  
20
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.20 p.p.m.  
27
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
271.30 °C  
99+
2,250.00 °C  
8
Boiling Point
1,560.00 °C  
99+
3,900.00 °C  
14
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.25  
16
6.50  
5
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa  
99+
2,160.00 MPa  
3
Vickers Hardness
30.00 MPa  
99+
1,160.00 MPa  
14
Speed of Sound
1,790.00 m/s  
99+
5,970.00 m/s  
7
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.50  
5
2.60  
4
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
6.00 %  
38
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Bi  
Ru  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
33  
6
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.02  
7
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.34  
3
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.67  
7
1.42  
19
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.15  
8
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
2.01  
5
1.54  
28
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.98  
99+
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
35
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
2nd Energy Level
1,610.00 kJ/mol  
34
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,466.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
4th Energy Level
4,370.00 kJ/mol  
38
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
5th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
6th Energy Level
8,520.00 kJ/mol  
29
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
8th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
37
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
34
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
38
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
11th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
36
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
12th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
32
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
14th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
22
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
70,300.00 kJ/mol  
28
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
16th Energy Level
70,300.00 kJ/mol  
23
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
17th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
34
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
19th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
40
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
20th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
34
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
21st Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
12
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
28
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
23rd Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
10
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
27
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
25th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
29
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
26th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
28
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
27th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
29
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
28th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
34
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
29th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
35
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
30th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
29
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.60 g/amp-hr  
23
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV  
29
4.71 eV  
14
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
83  
33
44  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3  
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Bismuth.jpg#100  
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
83  
33
44  
99+
Number of Neutrons
126  
19
57  
99+
Number of Electrons
83  
33
44  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
156.00 pm  
31
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
148.00 pm  
38
146.00 pm  
40
Van der Waals Radius
207.00 pm  
33
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
208.98 amu  
29
101.07 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
21.30 cm3/mol  
23
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lead
  
Technetium
  
Next Element
Polonium
  
Rhodium
  
Valence Electron Potential
41.90 (-eV)  
99+
64.00 (-eV)  
22
Lattice Constant
667.40 pm  
2
270.59 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.86  
4
1.58  
33
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.78 g/cm3  
99+
12.45 g/cm3  
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.05 g/cm3  
99+
10.65 g/cm3  
37
Tensile Strength
32.00 MPa  
99+
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
29
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
23
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
12.00 GPa  
99+
173.00 GPa  
4
Bulk Modulus
31.00 GPa  
99+
220.00 GPa  
7
Young's Modulus
32.00 GPa  
99+
447.00 GPa  
3
Poisson Ratio
0.33  
11
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.79  
99+
12.45  
31
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
20
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
36
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
1.29 nΩ·m  
99+
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
Electron Affinity
91.20 kJ/mol  
13
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
7.97 W/m·K  
99+
117.00 W/m·K  
13
Critical Temperature
544.00 K  
99+
2,607.00 K  
9
Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
34
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
151.00 kJ/mol  
99+
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.90 kJ/mol  
39
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
207.10 kJ/mol  
99+
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
Standard Molar Entropy
56.70 J/mol.K  
32
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
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