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Ruthenium vs Bismuth

Ruthenium
Bismuth
Bismuth vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru   
Bi   
Group Number
8   
10
15   
3
Period Number
5   
6   
Block
d block   
p block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440188   
99+
7440699   
22
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
C12/m1   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
12.00   
12
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Bismuth metal is soluble and reacts with concentrated nitric acid.
  • It oxides are used as a yellow pigment in paint. Bismuth chloride oxide BiClO gives a pearly texture to cosmetics.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus   
Claude François Geoffroy   
Discovery
In 1844   
In 1753   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %   
20
7 * 10-8 %   
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %   
22
~0.000006 %   
14
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
26
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
38
0.00 %   
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • Tin and bismuth alloys have a very low melting point and hence it is used in fire detector and the fire extinguishers. It also used in electric solders and fuses.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
Pharmaceutical Industry   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Low Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.02 Blood/mg dm-3   
20
In Bone
Not Available   
0.20 p.p.m.   
22
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C   
8
271.30 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C   
14
1,560.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50   
5
2.25   
15
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa   
3
70.00 MPa   
99+
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s   
4
1,790.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ru   
Bi   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26   
13
33   
6
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20   
4
2.02   
6
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.34   
3
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42   
18
1.67   
6
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.15   
4
Allen Electronegativity
1.54   
25
2.01   
4
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80   
99+
1.98   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol   
32
703.00 kJ/mol   
35
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol   
99+
1,610.00 kJ/mol   
33
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol   
37
2,466.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
4,370.00 kJ/mol   
28
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
5,400.00 kJ/mol   
30
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
8,520.00 kJ/mol   
19
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.60 g/amp-hr   
19
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV   
9
4.22 eV   
22
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
44   
99+
83   
33
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Rhombohedral (RHO)   
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100   
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Bismuth.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44   
99+
83   
33
Number of Neutrons
57   
99+
126   
18
Number of Electrons
44   
99+
83   
33
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm   
99+
156.00 pm   
29
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm   
38
148.00 pm   
36
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
207.00 pm   
26
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu   
99+
208.98 amu   
29
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol   
99+
21.30 cm3/mol   
14
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Lead
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Polonium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)   
22
41.90 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm   
99+
667.40 pm   
2
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
NA   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58   
11
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3   
27
9.78 g/cm3   
39
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3   
16
10.05 g/cm3   
18
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
23
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa   
4
12.00 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa   
7
31.00 GPa   
38
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa   
3
32.00 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30   
14
0.33   
11
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45   
19
9.79   
30
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Permeability
Not Available   
0.00 H/m   
6
Susceptibility
Not Available   
0.00   
6
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m   
38
1.29 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
16
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol   
10
91.20 kJ/mol   
11
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)   
24
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K   
99+
25.52 J/mol·K   
37
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K   
13
7.97 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
13.40 µm/(m·K)   
28
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol   
10
151.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol   
7
10.90 kJ/mol   
33
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol   
9
207.10 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K   
99+
56.70 J/mol.K   
24
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