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Ruthenium vs Polonium

Ruthenium
Polonium
Polonium vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru  
Po  
Group Number
8  
10
16  
2
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
d block  
p block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440188  
99+
7440086  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Pm-3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
221.00  
4
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus  
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Discovery
In 1844  
In 1898  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
22
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
26
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C  
8
254.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C  
14
962.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50  
5
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa  
3
70.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,160.00 MPa  
14
30.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s  
7
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.60  
4
2.70  
3
Reflectivity
6.00 %  
38
50.00 %  
31
Allotropes
No  
Yes  
α Allotropes
-  
α-polonium  
β Allotropes
-  
β-polonium  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ru  
Po  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
2.00  
8
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
2.00  
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
19
1.76  
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
2.48  
1
Allen Electronegativity
1.54  
28
2.19  
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
5th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
6th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
7th Energy level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8th Energy Level
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
9th Energy Level
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
10th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
14th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
15th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
16th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
17th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
18th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
19th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
20th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
21st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
22nd Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
23rd Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
25th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
26th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
27th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
28th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
29th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
30th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV  
14
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
44  
99+
84  
32
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Monoclinic (MON)  
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44  
99+
84  
32
Number of Neutrons
57  
99+
125  
20
Number of Electrons
44  
99+
84  
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
168.00 pm  
25
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
40
140.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
197.00 pm  
36
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu  
99+
209.00 amu  
28
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm  
99+
335.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
33
1.46  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3  
29
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3  
37
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
26
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
23
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa  
4
24.00 GPa  
40
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa  
7
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa  
3
46.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.23  
30
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45  
31
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Nonmagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
15
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K  
13
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,607.00 K  
9
527.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
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