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Bismuth vs Thorium

Bismuth
Thorium
Thorium vs Bismuth


Periodic Table
Symbol
Bi   
Th   
Group Number
15   
3
0   
18
Period Number
6   
7   
Block
p block   
f block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440699   
22
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
C12/m1   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
12.00   
12
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Bismuth metal is soluble and reacts with concentrated nitric acid.
  • It oxides are used as a yellow pigment in paint. Bismuth chloride oxide BiClO gives a pearly texture to cosmetics.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Claude François Geoffroy   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
In 1753   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %   
25
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.000006 %   
14
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
24
0.00 %   
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Tin and bismuth alloys have a very low melting point and hence it is used in fire detector and the fire extinguishers. It also used in electric solders and fuses.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.02 Blood/mg dm-3   
20
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
0.20 p.p.m.   
22
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
271.30 °C   
99+
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
1,560.00 °C   
99+
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.25   
15
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa   
99+
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
1,790.00 m/s   
99+
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Bi   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
33   
6
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.02   
6
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.34   
3
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.67   
6
1.11   
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.15   
4
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
2.01   
4
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.98   
99+
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol   
35
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,610.00 kJ/mol   
33
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,466.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,370.00 kJ/mol   
28
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol   
30
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
8,520.00 kJ/mol   
19
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.60 g/amp-hr   
19
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV   
22
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
83   
33
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Bismuth.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
83   
33
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
126   
18
142   
15
Number of Electrons
83   
33
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
156.00 pm   
29
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
148.00 pm   
36
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
207.00 pm   
26
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
208.98 amu   
29
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
21.30 cm3/mol   
14
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lead
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Polonium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
41.90 (-eV)   
99+
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
667.40 pm   
2
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
NA   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.78 g/cm3   
39
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.05 g/cm3   
18
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
12.00 GPa   
99+
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
31.00 GPa   
38
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
32.00 GPa   
99+
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
0.33   
11
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.79   
30
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Permeability
0.00 H/m   
6
Not Available   
Susceptibility
0.00   
6
Not Available   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
1.29 nΩ·m   
99+
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
91.20 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K   
37
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
7.97 W/m·K   
99+
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)   
28
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
151.00 kJ/mol   
99+
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.90 kJ/mol   
33
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
207.10 kJ/mol   
99+
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
56.70 J/mol.K   
24
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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