Cadmium Hafnium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd
Hf
Group Number
12
6
4
14
Period Number
5
6
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440439
99+
7440586
30
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
- Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
- It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
- It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
By-product Zirconium Refining
History
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Discovery
In 1817
In 1922
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
7 * 10-8 %
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000006 %
21
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
31
0.00 %
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
28
0.00 %
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
11
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
- Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
- It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Ammunition Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
24
Not Available
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.
15
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
320.90 °C
99+
2,150.00 °C
10
Boiling Point
765.00 °C
99+
5,400.00 °C
5
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray
Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.00
16
5.50
7
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa
39
1,450.00 MPa
6
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
1,520.00 MPa
5
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s
39
3,010.00 m/s
27
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
67.00 %
11
Not Available
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cd
Hf
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
34
5
32
7
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69
17
1.30
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98
9
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46
15
1.23
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53
13
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.52
27
1.16
37
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31
37
2.70
22
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol
11
658.50 kJ/mol
40
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol
32
1,440.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol
13
2,250.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available
3,216.00 kJ/mol
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr
27
1.66 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV
22
3.90 eV
27
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
48
99+
72
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
48
99+
72
99+
Number of Neutrons
64
99+
106
29
Number of Electrons
48
99+
72
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm
32
159.00 pm
28
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm
40
175.00 pm
23
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm
99+
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu
99+
178.49 amu
39
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol
39
13.60 cm3/mol
38
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)
99+
81.00 (-eV)
16
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm
99+
319.64 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89
1
1.58
12
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3
99+
13.31 g/cm3
26
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3
28
12.00 g/cm3
12
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa
16
445.00 MPa
8
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
24
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa
35
30.00 GPa
23
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa
29
110.00 GPa
15
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa
36
78.00 GPa
25
Poisson Ratio
0.30
14
0.37
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.65
36
13.31
18
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Semiconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m
36
331.00 nΩ·m
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω
15
0.03 106/cm Ω
39
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol
40
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)
26
0.14 J/(kg K)
37
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K
32
25.73 J/mol·K
36
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K
16
23.00 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)
10
5.90 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol
99+
661.10 kJ/mol
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol
99+
25.10 kJ/mol
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol
99+
703.00 kJ/mol
5
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K
27
43.60 J/mol.K
34
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